Alexander Veprik - Soviet wolemba, woimba, mphunzitsi, chiwerengero cha anthu. Anagonjetsedwa ndi Stalinist. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa oimira otchuka komanso otchuka a otchedwa "sukulu ya Ayuda".
Olemba ndi oimba pansi pa ulamuliro wa Stalin anali amodzi mwa magulu ochepa "opatsidwa mwayi". Koma, Veprik, anali mmodzi mwa "odala" omwe adadutsa milandu yonse ya ulamuliro wa Joseph Stalin.
Ubwana ndi unyamata Alexander Veprik
Wolemba zamtsogolo, woimba ndi mphunzitsi anabadwira ku Balta pafupi ndi Odessa m'banja lachiyuda. Ubwana wa Alexander unadutsa m'dera la Warsaw. Tsiku lobadwa la Veprik ndi June 23, 1899.
Ubwana ndi unyamata wake zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyimbo. Kuyambira ali mwana, iye ankadziwa kuimba zida zingapo zoimbira. Iye anakopeka kwambiri ndi improvisation, kotero Alexander analowa Leipzig Conservatory.
Pamene nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayamba, banja lawo linabwerera ku Russia. Veprik anayamba kuphunzira zikuchokera pansi Alexander Zhitomirsky pa Conservatory likulu chikhalidwe cha dziko. Kumayambiriro kwa 1921, anasamukira ku Myaskovsky ku Moscow Conservatory.
Panthawi imeneyi, iye anali mmodzi wa anthu okangalika chipani cha otchedwa "mapulofesa wofiira". Mamembala a chipanichi adatsutsa omasuka.
Veprik anaphunzitsa ku Moscow Conservatory mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 40. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30, adasankhidwa kukhala mkulu wa bungwe la maphunziro. Wopeka nyimboyo mwamsanga anakwera makwerero a ntchito.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 20, anatumizidwa kukachita bizinesi ku Ulaya. Maestro adasinthana zochitika ndi anzawo akunja. Komanso, iye anapereka ulaliki umene analankhula za dongosolo la maphunziro nyimbo mu USSR. Anatha kulankhulana ndi olemba nyimbo otchuka a ku Ulaya ndikuphunzira kuchokera kuzinthu zamtengo wapatali za anzake akunja.
Alexander Veprik: nyimbo nyimbo
Zadziwika kale kuti Alexander Veprik ndi mmodzi mwa oimira kwambiri a chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zachiyuda. Chidutswa choyamba cha nyimbo zomwe zinamupatsa kutchuka - iye anapereka mu 1927. Tikulankhula za nyimbo "Zovina ndi nyimbo za ghetto".
Mu 1933 iye anapereka "Stalinstan" kwa kwaya ndi limba. Ntchitoyi sinapite patsogolo ndi okonda nyimbo. Iye anali pamwamba pa nyimbo za Olympus.
Ngakhale kuti iye anapita patsogolo kwambiri mu gawo lanyimbo, ntchito ya woimbayo posakhalitsa anayamba kuchepa. Sipanafike madzulo a m’ma 30 pamene analawa kukoma kwa kutchuka. Iye analamulidwa ku Kyrgyz opera "Toktogul", amene pamapeto pake anasintha moyo wake.
Mu 43, anachotsedwa ntchito mwamanyazi ku Moscow Conservatory. Panthawi imeneyi, palibe chomwe chinamveka chokhudza maestro. Sanapange zolemba zatsopano ndipo amakhala moyo wodzipatula.
Patapita zaka 5 udindo wa woimba bwino pang'ono. Kenako mutu wa Union of Composers T. Khrennikov anaganiza zopatsa wolembayo udindo mu zida zake.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 40, adamaliza kusindikiza kwachiwiri kwa opera ya Toktogul. Dziwani kuti ntchitoyo ikadali yosamalizidwa. Opera inakonzedwa pambuyo pa imfa ya maestro. Patapita chaka anamangidwa. Veprik anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 8.
Pakati pa nyimbo zake, timalimbikitsa kumvera piano sonatas, violin suite, viola rhapsody, komanso Kaddish ya mawu ndi piyano.
Alexander Veprik: kumangidwa
Ena amene ankamufunsa mafunso atamangidwa anali okhudza sewero la Toktogul, limene katswiriyu anapanga m’bwalo la zisudzo ku Kyrgyzstan. Wofufuza yemwe adatsogolera mlandu wa Veprik anali kutali ndi nyimbo. Komabe, adanena kuti opera sichimanyamula zilembo za Kyrgyz, koma ndi "nyimbo za Zionist."
Akuluakulu a Soviet adakumbukiranso ulendo wamalonda wakumadzulo ku Alexander Veprik. Ndipotu, ulendo wosalakwa wopita ku Ulaya uyenera kuthandizira kukonzanso maphunziro a nyimbo, koma akuluakulu a Stalinist ankaona kuti chinyengo ichi ndi kusakhulupirika.
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 51, wolemba nyimboyo anaweruzidwa zaka 8 m’misasa yachibalo. Iye "anasokedwa" mlandu woti amamvetsera mawailesi akunja ndi kusunga mabuku oletsedwa m'gawo la USSR.
Alexander anatumizidwa kundende poyamba, ndiyeno mawu akuti "siteji" anatsatira. Pakutchulidwa kwa mawu akuti "siteji" - wolembayo adaponyedwa thukuta mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake. Siteji ndi kunyozedwa ndi kuzunzika mu botolo limodzi. Akaidiwo sanawonongedwe kokha mwamakhalidwe, kutanthauza kuti anali ochepa, komanso kuzunzidwa.
Alexander Veprik: moyo m'misasa
Kenako anatumizidwa ku msasa wa Sosva. M’malo olandidwa ufulu, sanali kugwira ntchito mwakuthupi. Wopeka nyimboyo anapatsidwa ntchito imene inali pafupi naye mumzimu. Iye anali ndi udindo wokonza brigade ya chikhalidwe. Gululi linali ndi akaidi omwe anali kutali ndi nyimbo.
Patapita chaka chimodzi, udindo wa Alexander unasintha kwambiri. Zoona zake n’zakuti lamulo linaperekedwa malinga ndi mfundo yakuti akaidi onse amene ali pansi pa Gawo 58 ayenera kulekanitsidwa ndi ena onse.
Oyang'anira Sev-Ural-Laga adaganiza zobwezera Alexander ku Sosva. Anabweretsedwanso kuti agwire ntchito ndi cool brigade. Mmodzi mwa ogwira ntchito ku dipatimenti yayikulu adalangiza maestro kuti apange nyimbo zokonda dziko lawo.
Mkaidi anayamba ntchito pa gawo loyamba la cantata "The People-Hero". Botov (wogwira ntchito ku dipatimenti yayikulu) adatumiza ntchitoyo ku Union of Composers. Koma ntchito kumeneko inatsutsidwa. Cantata sanapange malingaliro abwino kwa otsutsa.
Stalin atamwalira, Alexander analembera mlongo wake kalata yopita kwa Rudenko, Loya Wamkulu wa Soviet Union.
Ataganizira za nkhaniyi, Rudenko adanena kuti maestro atulutsidwa posachedwa. Koma "posachedwa" adakoka kwa nthawi yosadziwika. M’malo mwake, Alexander anayenera kutumizidwa ku likulu.
Mfundo zosangalatsa za wolemba
- Mu 1933, "Mavinidwe ndi Nyimbo za Ghetto" ndi wolemba nyimbo wa Soviet adachitidwa ndi Philharmonic Orchestra, motsogoleredwa ndi Arturo Toscanini.
- Patangotha masiku ochepa imfa ya katswiriyu, masewero a opera Toktogul anachitika pa chikondwerero cha nyimbo za Kyrgyz ku likulu la Russian Federation. Zolembazo sizinasonyeze dzina la maestro.
- Nyimbo zambiri za maestro zidakhalabe zosatulutsidwa.
Imfa ya Alexander Veprik
Alexander Veprik anakhala zaka zingapo zapitazi akulimbana ndi boma Soviet. Anamasulidwa mu 1954 ndipo anakhala chaka chathunthu kuyesera kuti abwerere nyumba yake, imene akuluakulu adatha kuthetsa woimba nyimbo Boris Yarustovsky.
Zolemba zake zinafafanizidwa padziko lapansi. Anaiwalidwa dala. Anamva kukomoka. Anamwalira pa October 13, 1958. Chifukwa cha imfa ya woimbayo chinali kulephera kwa mtima.
M'nthawi yathu ino, nyimbo za woimba wa Soviet zimagwira ntchito ku Russia ndi kunja.
