Ndani amaphunzitsa mbalame kuimba? Ili ndi funso lopusa kwambiri. Mbalameyi imabadwa ndi mayitanidwe awa. Kwa iye, kuyimba ndi kupuma ndizofanana. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi, Charlie Parker, yemwe nthawi zambiri ankatchedwa Mbalame.
Charlie ndi nthano ya jazi yosakhoza kufa. Saxophonist waku America komanso wolemba nyimbo yemwe adakhala m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa kalembedwe ka bebop. Wojambulayo adatha kupanga kusintha kwenikweni mu dziko la jazi. Adapanga lingaliro latsopano la zomwe nyimbo ndi.
Bebop (be-bop, bop) ndi kalembedwe ka jazi komwe kudayamba koyambirira komanso pakati pazaka za m'ma 1940 zazaka za XX. Mawonekedwe owonetsedwa amatha kudziwika ndi tempo yachangu komanso zovuta zosintha.
Ubwana ndi unyamata wa Charlie Parker
Charlie Parker anabadwa pa August 29, 1920 m'tauni yaing'ono ya Kansas City (Kansas). Anakhala ubwana wake ku Kansas City, Missouri.
Mnyamatayo kuyambira ali mwana anali ndi chidwi ndi nyimbo. Ali ndi zaka 11, adaphunzira kuimba saxophone, ndipo patapita zaka zitatu, Charlie Parker anakhala membala wa gulu la sukulu. Anali wokondwa kwenikweni kuti wapeza kuyitana kwake.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, kalembedwe kake ka nyimbo za jazi kudapangidwa komwe Parker adabadwira. Mtundu watsopanowu udali wosiyanitsidwa ndi kulowa, komwe "kunali kokongoletsedwa" ndi mawu a blues, komanso ndi improvisation. Nyimbo zinkamveka paliponse ndipo zinali zosatheka kuzikonda.
Chiyambi cha ntchito kulenga Charlie Parker
Muunyamata, Charlie Parker adaganiza za ntchito yake yamtsogolo. Anasiya sukulu n’kulowa m’gulu loimba. Oimbawo ankaimba m’ma disco, maphwando ndi m’malo odyera.
Ngakhale ntchito yotopetsa, omvera amayerekezera zisudzo za anyamatawo pa $ 1. Koma nsonga yocheperako sinali kanthu kuyerekeza ndi zomwe woimbayo adakumana nazo papulatifomu. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Charlie Parker ankatchedwa Yardbird (Yardbird), lomwe mu asilikali limatanthauza "rookie".
Charlie anakumbukira kuti pa gawo loyamba la ntchito yake anathera maola oposa 15 mu rehearsals. Kutopa ndi maphunziro kunakondweretsa mnyamatayo kwambiri.
Mu 1938 adalumikizana ndi woyimba piyano wa jazi Jay McShann. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba ntchito akatswiri a woyamba. Pamodzi ndi gulu Jay, iye anayendera America, ndipo ngakhale anapita ku New York. Zojambula zoyambirira za Parker zidayambanso nthawi ino, monga gawo la gulu la McShann.
Charlie Parker akusamukira ku New York
Mu 1939, Charlie Parker anazindikira maloto ake okondedwa. Anasamukira ku New York kuti akapitirize ntchito yake. Komabe, mumzindawu, adayenera kupeza osati nyimbo zokha. Kwa nthawi yayitali, mnyamatayo ankagwira ntchito yotsuka mbale kwa $ 9 pa sabata ku Jimmies Chicken Shack, kumene Art Tatum wotchuka nthawi zambiri ankachita.
Patatha zaka zitatu, Parker adachoka komwe ntchito yake yoyimba idayambira. Anatsanzikana ndi McShann Ensemble kuti azisewera mu Earl Hines Orchestra. Kumeneko anakumana ndi woimba lipenga Dizzy Gillespie.
Ubwenzi wa Charlie ndi Dizzy unakula mpaka kukhala mgwirizano wogwira ntchito. Oimba anayamba kuchita duet. Chiyambi cha ntchito Charlie kulenga ndi mapangidwe kalembedwe bebop watsopano anakhalabe pafupifupi popanda mfundo zotsimikizika. Zinali zolakwa zonse za kumenyedwa kwa American Federation of Musicians mu 1942-1943. Kenako Parker sanalembe nyimbo zatsopano.
Posakhalitsa jazi "nthano" analowa gulu la oimba amene anachita mu makalabu usiku Harlem. Kuphatikiza pa Charlie Parker, gululi linaphatikizapo: Dizzy Gillespie, woyimba piyano Thelonious Monk, woyimba gitala Charlie Christian ndi woyimba ng'oma Kenny Clarke.
Oimbawo anali ndi masomphenya awo a chitukuko cha nyimbo za jazz, ndipo adanena maganizo awo. Monku nthawi ina anati:
“Anthu a m’dera lathu amafuna kuimba nyimbo zomwe ‘sizingathe kuimba. Mawu oti "izo" ayenera kutanthauza otsogolera akhungu loyera omwe atengera kalembedwe ka anthu akuda ndipo nthawi yomweyo amapeza ndalama kuchokera ku nyimbo ... ".
Charlie Parker, pamodzi ndi anthu ake amalingaliro omwewo, adasewera kumakalabu ausiku pa 52nd Street. Nthawi zambiri, oimba amapita ku zibonga "Three Duchess" ndi "Onyx".
Ku New York, Parker adatenga maphunziro a nyimbo zolipira. Mphunzitsi wake anali woimba waluso komanso wokonza Maury Deutsch.
Udindo wa Charlie Parker pakukula kwa bebop
M'zaka za m'ma 1950, Charlie Parker adayankhulana mwatsatanetsatane kumodzi mwa mabuku otchuka. Woimbayo anakumbukira umodzi wa usiku mu 1939. Kenako adasewera Cherokee ndi gitala William "Biddy" Fleet. Charlie adanena kuti ndi usiku womwewo kuti anali ndi lingaliro la momwe angasinthire yekha "yopanda pake".
Lingaliro la Parker linapangitsa kuti nyimboyo izimveka mosiyana kwambiri. Iye anazindikira kuti, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu 12 onse a sikelo ya chromatic, n’zotheka kulondolera nyimboyo m’kiyi iliyonse. Izi zinaphwanya malamulo ambiri omanga solos jazz, koma nthawi yomweyo anapanga nyimbo "tastier".
Pamene bebop inali yakhanda, ambiri otsutsa nyimbo ndi jazzmen a nthawi ya swing adatsutsa njira yatsopanoyi. Koma ma bopper anali chinthu chomaliza chomwe amasamala.
Iwo anatcha iwo amene anakana chitukuko cha mtundu watsopano, nkhuyu nkhungu (kutanthauza "chinkhungu trifle", "nkhungu mitundu"). Koma panali akatswiri omwe anali otsimikiza za bebop. Coleman Hawkins ndi Benny Goodman adatenga nawo mbali pajams, zojambula za studio, pamodzi ndi oimira mtundu watsopano.
Chifukwa chakuti zaka ziwiri zoletsa zojambulidwa zamalonda zinali kuyambira 1942 mpaka 1944, zambiri za masiku oyambirira a bebop sizimajambulidwa pa matepi omvera.
Mpaka 1945, oimba sanazindikire, kotero Charlie Parker anakhalabe mu mthunzi wa kutchuka kwake. Charlie, ndi Dizzy Gillespie, Max Roach ndi Bud Powell, anagwedeza dziko la nyimbo.
Ndi imodzi mwamasewera abwino kwambiri a Charlie Parker.
Chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero zodziwika bwino za kagulu kakang'ono chinatulutsidwanso chapakati pa 2000s: "Konsati ku New York Town Hall. Juni 22, 1945. Posakhalitsa Bebop adadziwika kwambiri. Oimba adapeza mafani osati mwa mawonekedwe a okonda nyimbo wamba, komanso otsutsa nyimbo.
Chaka chomwecho, Charlie Parker adalemba zolemba za Savoy. Kujambula pambuyo pake kunakhala imodzi mwa magawo odziwika kwambiri a jazi nthawi zonse. Magawo a Ko-Ko ndi Now's the Time adadziwika makamaka ndi otsutsa.
Pochirikiza nyimbo zatsopanozi, Charlie ndi Dizzy anapita kukaona dziko la United States of America. Sizinganenedwe kuti ulendowu unali wopambana. Ulendowu unathera ku Los Angeles ku Billy Berg's.
Pambuyo paulendowu, oimba ambiri adabwerera ku New York, koma Parker adatsalira ku California. Woimbayo anasinthanitsa tikiti yake ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ngakhale panthawiyi, iye ankakonda kumwa heroin ndi mowa kwambiri moti sanathe kulamulira moyo wake. Chifukwa cha izi, nyenyeziyo inapita ku chipatala cha amisala cha boma la Camarillo.
Kusuta kwa Charlie Parker
Charlie Parker anayamba kuyesa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamene anali kutali ndi siteji komanso kutchuka kwakukulu. Chizoloŵezi cha wojambula ku heroin ndicho chifukwa choyamba cholepheretsa ma concerts nthawi zonse komanso kugwa kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza.
Kuchulukirachulukira, Charlie adayamba kukhala ndi moyo kudzera "kufunsa" - kusewera mumsewu. Pamene analibe ndalama zokwanira zogulira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, sanazengereze kubwereka kwa anzake. Kulandira mphatso kuchokera kwa mafani kapena kupalasa saxophone yomwe amakonda. Nthawi zambiri okonza zisudzo pamaso pa konsati Parker anapita pawnshop kuwombola chida choimbira.
Charlie Parker adapanga zaluso zenizeni. Komabe, n’zosathekanso kukana kuti woimbayo anali chidakwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Charlie atasamukira ku California, kupeza heroin sikunali kophweka. Unali moyo wosiyana pang'ono kuno, ndipo sunali ngati chilengedwe ku New York. Nyenyeziyo idayamba kubweza kusowa kwa heroin ndikumwa mowa kwambiri.
Kujambulira kwa Dial label ndi chitsanzo chodziwikiratu cha mkhalidwe wa woimbayo. Gawoli lisanachitike, Parker adamwa botolo lonse la mowa. Pa Max Kupanga Sera, Charlie adalumpha mipiringidzo ingapo ya kwaya yoyamba. Wojambulayo atalowa nawo, zidadziwika kuti waledzera ndipo samatha kuima. Pojambula Lover Man, wopanga Ross Russell adayenera kuthandizira Parker.
Parker atatulutsidwa m'chipatala cha amisala, adamva bwino. Charlie adalemba nyimbo zina mwaluso kwambiri mu repertoire yake.
Asanachoke ku California, woimbayo adatulutsa Relaxin 'pamutu wa Camarillo polemekeza kukhala kwawo m'chipatala. Komabe, atabwerera ku New York, anayamba chizolowezi chakale. Heroin kwenikweni adadya moyo wa munthu wotchuka.
Zosangalatsa za Charlie Parker
- Mayina a nyimbo zambiri zolembedwa ndi Charlie amalumikizidwa ndi mbalame.
- Mu 1948, wojambula analandira mutu wa "Woyimba Chaka" (malinga ndi buku otchuka "Metronome").
- Ponena za maonekedwe a dzina lakutchulidwa "Ptah", maganizo amasiyana. Imodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri imamveka motere: abwenzi amatchedwa Charlie "Mbalame" chifukwa cha chikondi chochuluka cha wojambula pa nkhuku yokazinga. Mtundu wina ndi wakuti akuyenda ndi gulu lake, Parker mwangozi adalowa mu khola la nkhuku.
- Anzake a Charlie Parker adanena kuti ankadziwa bwino nyimbo - kuchokera ku Ulaya kupita ku Latin America ndi dziko.
- Chakumapeto kwa moyo wake, Parker adalowa Chisilamu, kukhala membala wa gulu la Ahmadiyya ku United States of America.
Imfa ya Charlie Parker
Charlie Parker anamwalira pa Marichi 12, 1955. Anamwalira pomwe akuwonera pulogalamu ya Dorsey Brothers Orchestra pa TV.
Wojambulayo anafa ndi kuukira kwakukulu kwa maziko a cirrhosis ya chiwindi. Parker adawoneka woyipa. Madokotala atafika kudzamuyesa, adamupatsa Parker zaka 53, ngakhale kuti Charlie anali ndi zaka 34 panthawi ya imfa yake.
Mafani amene akufuna kumva mbiri ya wojambula ayenera ndithudi kuonera filimu, amene anadzipereka kwa mbiri Charlie Parker. Tikukamba za filimu "Mbalame" motsogoleredwa ndi Clint Eastwood. Udindo waukulu mufilimuyi unapita ku Forest Whitaker.
