Wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati "Dona Woyamba wa Nyimbo", Ella Fitzgerald mosakayikira ndi m'modzi mwa oyimba kwambiri achikazi nthawi zonse. Pokhala ndi mawu omveka bwino, omveka bwino komanso omveka bwino, Fitzgerald analinso ndi luso losinthasintha, ndipo ndi luso lake loyimba loyimba amatha kutsutsa aliyense wa m'nthawi yake.
Poyamba adadziwika ngati membala wa gulu lomwe linapangidwa ndi drummer Chick Webb m'ma 1930s. Onse pamodzi adajambula nyimbo ya "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", ndiyeno m'ma 1940, Ella adadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha machitidwe ake a jazi mu Jazz pamagulu a Philharmonic ndi Dizzy Gillespie's Big Band.
Kugwira ntchito ndi wopanga komanso manejala wanthawi yochepa Norman Grantz, adadziwika kwambiri ndi ma Albums ake omwe adapangidwa pa studio yojambulira ya Verve. Situdiyo inagwira ntchito ndi olemba osiyanasiyana, otchedwa "Great American Songwriters".
Mu ntchito yake yazaka 50, Ella Fitzgerald wapambana Mphotho 13 za Grammy, adagulitsa ma Albums opitilira 40 miliyoni, ndipo adalandira mphotho zambiri kuphatikiza National Medal of Arts ndi Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Fitzgerald, monga munthu wofunika kwambiri pazikhalidwe, wakhala ndi zotsatira zosayerekezeka pakukula kwa jazi ndi nyimbo zodziwika bwino ndipo akadali ngati maziko kwa mafani ndi ojambula patatha zaka zambiri atachoka pabwalo.
Momwe mtsikanayo adapulumutsira zovuta ndi zotayika zowopsya
Fitzgerald anabadwa mu 1917 ku Newport News, Virginia. Anakulira m'banja la anthu ogwira ntchito ku Yonkers, New York. Makolo ake adasiyana atangobadwa kumene, ndipo adaleredwa ndi amayi ake a Temperance "Tempy" Fitzgerald ndi chibwenzi cha amayi a Joseph "Joe" Da Silva.
Msungwanayo analinso ndi mlongo wamng'ono, Frances, wobadwa mu 1923. Pofuna kuthandiza banjalo pazachuma, Fitzgerald nthawi zambiri ankapeza ndalama kuchokera ku ntchito zachilendo, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndalama zotchova juga nthawi zina.
Monga mnyamata wachichepere wodzidalira mopambanitsa, Ella anali wokangalika m’maseŵera ndipo nthaŵi zambiri ankaseŵera maseŵera a baseball akumaloko. Mosonkhezeredwa ndi amayi ake, adakondanso kuyimba ndi kuvina, ndipo adakhala maola ambiri akuimba nyimbo ndi Bing Crosby, Conna Boswell ndi alongo a Boswell. Mtsikanayo nayenso nthawi zambiri ankakwera sitima ndi kupita ku tauni yapafupi kukaonera ndi anzake pa Apollo Theatre ku Harlem.
Mu 1932, amayi ake anamwalira chifukwa cha zovulala zomwe anachita pa ngozi ya galimoto. Atakhumudwa kwambiri ndi kutayikako, Fitzgerald adadutsa nthawi yovuta. Kenako nthawi zonse ankangojomba sukulu n’kulowa m’mavuto ndi apolisi.
Kenako anatumizidwa kusukulu yophunzitsa anthu kusintha zinthu, kumene Ella anachitiridwa nkhanza ndi omuyang’anira. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi anatuluka m’ndende, anafika ku New York pakati pa Chisokonezo Chachikulu.
Ngakhale zinali zovuta, Ella Fitzgerald adagwira ntchito chifukwa adakwaniritsa maloto ake komanso chikondi chosaneneka chakuchita.
Mpikisano ndi kupambana Ella Fitzgerald
Mu 1934, adalowa ndikupambana mpikisano wamasewera ku Apollo, akuimba "Judy" ndi Hody Carmichael mumayendedwe a fano lake, Conne Boswell. Saxophonist Benny Carter anali ndi gululo usiku womwewo, akutenga woyimba wachinyamatayo pansi pa mapiko ake ndikumulimbikitsa kuti apitirize ntchito yake.
Mipikisano ina inatsatira, ndipo mu 1935 Fitzgerald adapambana malonda a sabata limodzi ndi Teeny Bradshaw ku Harlem Opera House. Kumeneko adakumana ndi woyimba ng'oma wotchuka Chick Webb, yemwe adavomera kuti amuyese ndi gulu lake ku Yale. Adakopa unyinji wa anthu ndipo adakhala zaka zingapo zotsatira ndi woyimba ng'oma yemwe adakhala womuyang'anira zamalamulo ndikukonzanso chiwonetsero chake kuti chikhale ndi woyimba wachinyamatayo.
Kutchuka kwa gululi kudakula kwambiri ndi a Fitzgeralds pomwe amalamulira nkhondo yamagulu ku Savoy, ndipo adatulutsa ntchito zingapo pa Decca 78s, akumenya "A Tisket-A-Tasket" mu 1938 ndi B-side single "T" aint Zomwe Mumachita (Ndi Njira Yomwe Mumachitira)", komanso "Liza" ndi "Undecided".
Pamene ntchito ya woimbayo ikukula, thanzi la Webb linayamba kufooka. Ali ndi zaka makumi atatu, woyimba ng'oma, yemwe wakhala akulimbana ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha msana m'moyo wake wonse, akuvutika ndi kutopa pambuyo posewera masewera amoyo. Komabe, iye anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito, akuyembekeza kuti gulu lake lidzapitirizabe kuchita m’nthaŵi ya Chisokonezo Chachikulu.
Mu 1939, atangochita opaleshoni yayikulu pachipatala cha Johns Hopkins ku Baltimore, Maryland, Webb anamwalira. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, Fitzgerald anapitiriza kutsogolera gulu lake ndi kupambana kwakukulu mpaka 1941, pamene anaganiza zoyamba ntchito payekha.
Nyimbo zatsopano
Akadali pa label ya Decca, Fitzgerald adagwirizananso ndi Ink Spots, Louis Jordan ndi Delta Rhythm Boys pazomenyera zingapo. Mu 1946, Ella Fitzgerald adayamba kugwira ntchito pafupipafupi kwa manejala wa jazi Norman Grantz ku Philharmonic.
Ngakhale kuti Fitzgerald nthawi zambiri ankadziwika kuti ndi woimba nyimbo pa nthawi yake ndi Webb, anayamba kuyesa nyimbo za "scat". Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu jazi pamene woimbayo akutsanzira zida zoimbira ndi mawu ake.
Fitzgerald adayenda ndi gulu lalikulu la Dizzy Gillespie ndipo posakhalitsa adatenga bebop (mawonekedwe a jazi) ngati gawo lofunikira la fano lake. Woimbayo adasokonezanso nyimbo zake zoyimba ndi zida zoimbira, zomwe zidadabwitsa omvera ndikupangitsa kuti azilemekezedwa ndi oimba anzake.
Nyimbo zake za "Lady Be Good", "How High the Moon" ndi "Flying Home" kuyambira 1945-1947 zidatulutsidwa motamandidwa kwambiri ndipo zidathandizira kulimbitsa udindo wake ngati woimba wamkulu wa jazi.
Moyo waumwini umaphatikizidwa ndi ntchito ya Ella Fitzgerald
Ndikugwira ntchito ndi Gillespie, adakumana ndi bassist Ray Brown ndikumukwatira. Ray amakhala ndi Ella kuyambira 1947 mpaka 1953, pomwe woimbayo nthawi zambiri ankaimba ndi atatu ake. Awiriwa adatenganso mwana wamwamuna, Ray Brown Jr. (wobadwa kwa Francis mlongo wa Fitzgerald mu 1949), yemwe adapitiliza ntchito yake ngati woyimba piyano komanso woyimba.
Mu 1951, woimbayo adagwirizana ndi woyimba piyano Ellis Larkins pa chimbale cha Ella Sings Gershwin, pomwe adamasulira nyimbo za George Gershwin.
Chizindikiro chatsopano - Verve
Atawonekera mu Pete Kelly's The Blues mu 1955, Fitzgerald adasaina ndi Norman Grantz's Verve label. Woyang'anira wake wakale Granz adalimbikitsa Verve kuti awonetse bwino mawu ake.
Kuyambira mu 1956 ndi Sings the Cole Porter Songbook, adalemba mndandanda wambiri wa Mabuku a Nyimbo, kutanthauzira nyimbo za oimba akuluakulu a ku America kuphatikizapo Cole Porter, George ndi Ira Gershwin, Rodgers & Hart, Duke Ellington, Harold Arlen, Jerome Kern ndi Johnny. Mercer.
Ma Albamu otchuka omwe adapatsa Fitzgerald ma Grammy anayi oyamba mu 1959 ndi 1958 adakwezanso udindo wake ngati m'modzi mwa oyimba akulu nthawi zonse.
Kutulutsa koyamba kudatsatiridwa ndi ena omwe posachedwapa adzakhala ma Albamu apamwamba, kuphatikiza nyimbo yake ya 1956 ndi Louis Armstrong "Ella & Louis", komanso 1957's Like Someone in Love ndi "Porgy and Bess" ya 1958 komanso Armstrong.
Pansi pa Grantz, Fitzgerald adayendera pafupipafupi, ndikutulutsa ma Albums angapo otchuka kwambiri. Pakati pawo, m'ma 1960, sewero la "Mack Knife", momwe adayiwala nyimbo ndi kukonzanso. Imodzi mwa Albums kugulitsa bwino ntchito yake, "Ella mu Berlin", anapereka woimbayo mwayi kulandira Grammy Mphotho ya Best Vocal Performance. Nyimboyi pambuyo pake idalowetsedwa mu Grammy Hall of Fame mu 1999.
Verve adagulitsidwa ku MGM mu 1963, ndipo pofika 1967 Fitzgerald adapeza kuti akugwira ntchito popanda mgwirizano. Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira, adalemba nyimbo zamakalata angapo monga Capitol, Atlantic ndi Reprise. Ma Albamu ake adasinthanso pazaka zambiri pomwe akusinthira nyimbo zake zaposachedwa ndi nyimbo za rock monga Cream's "Sunshine of Your Love" ndi Beatles' "Hey Jude".
Kugwira ntchito ku Pablo Records
Komabe, zaka zake zakutsogolo zidadziwikanso ndi chikoka cha Granz atakhazikitsa dzina lodziyimira palokha la Pablo Records. Chimbale cha Jazz ku Santa Monica Civic '72, chomwe chinali ndi Ella Fitzgerald, woyimba piyano Tommy Flanagan, ndi Count Basie Orchestra, idatchuka chifukwa cha malonda oyitanitsa makalata ndipo idathandizira kukhazikitsa zilembo za Grantz.
Ma Albamu ambiri adatsatiridwa m'zaka za m'ma 70s ndi 80s, ambiri omwe adaphatikiza woyimbayo ndi ojambula monga Basie, Oscar Peterson ndi Joe Pass.
Ngakhale kuti matenda a shuga asokoneza maso ndi mtima wake, zomwe zimamukakamiza kuti azipuma, Fitzgerald wakhala akusungabe mawonekedwe ake achimwemwe komanso kugwedezeka kwakukulu. Kutali ndi sitejiyi, adadzipereka kuthandiza achinyamata ovutika ndipo adathandizira m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana.
Mu 1979, adalandira Mendulo ya Ulemu kuchokera ku Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Komanso mu 1987, Purezidenti Ronald Reagan adamupatsa National Medal of Arts.
Mphotho zina zinatsatira, kuphatikiza mphotho ya "Commander in Arts and Literacy" yochokera ku France, komanso ma doctorate angapo aulemu ochokera ku Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth, ndi mabungwe ena.
Pambuyo pa konsati ku Carnegie Hall ku New York mu 1991, adapuma pantchito. Fitzgerald anamwalira pa June 15, 1996 kunyumba kwake ku Beverly Hills, California. Zaka makumi angapo kuyambira imfa yake, mbiri ya Fitzgerald monga mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri komanso odziwika mu nyimbo za jazz ndi nyimbo zotchuka zangowonjezereka.
Adakali wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi ndipo walandira mphoto zingapo pambuyo pa imfa, kuphatikizapo Grammy ndi Mendulo ya Ufulu wa Purezidenti.
