Mikhail Gnesin - Soviet ndi Russian kupeka, woyimba, chithunzi pagulu, wotsutsa, mphunzitsi. Kwa ntchito yayitali yolenga, adalandira mphotho ndi mphotho zambiri zaboma.
Poyamba ankakumbukiridwa ndi anthu akwawo monga mphunzitsi komanso mphunzitsi. Anagwira ntchito yophunzitsa ndi nyimbo. Gnesin anatsogolera mabwalo mu zikhalidwe za Russia.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Tsiku lobadwa la wolembayo ndi Januware 21, 1883. Mikhail anali ndi mwayi wokulira m'banja lanzeru komanso lolenga.
The Gnessins ndi oimira banja lalikulu la oimba. Iwo anathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha dziko lawo. Mikhail wamng'ono anali atazunguliridwa ndi matalente olimba. Alongo ake analembedwa m’gulu la oimba odalirika. Iwo anaphunzitsidwa ku likulu.
Amayi, omwe sanaphunzire, sanadzikane chisangalalo cha kuimba ndi kuimba nyimbo. Mawu osangalatsa a mayiyo adamuseketsa makamaka Mikhail. Mng'ono wake Mikhail anakhala katswiri woimba. Choncho, pafupifupi onse m'banja anazindikira okha ntchito kulenga.
Pamene nthawi inafika, Mikhail anatumizidwa ku Petrovsky weniweni sukulu. Panthawi imeneyi, amatenga maphunziro a nyimbo kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi waluso.
Gnesin adakopeka ndi kusintha. Posakhalitsa akupanga nyimbo ya wolemba, yomwe idalandira ndemanga zabwino kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wanyimbo. Mikhail anasiyanitsidwa ndi anzake ndi chidziwitso chachikulu. Kuwonjezera nyimbo, iye ankakonda mabuku, mbiri, ethnography.
Kumapeto kwa zaka 17, adatsimikiza kuti akufuna kukhala woimba komanso wolemba nyimbo. Banja lalikulu linachirikiza chosankha cha Michael. Posakhalitsa anapita ku Moscow kukapeza maphunziro.
Mnyamatayo anadabwa kwambiri pamene aphunzitsi anamulangiza “kulera” chidziŵitso. Kugwirizana kwa banja sikunathandize Mikhail kukhala wophunzira ku Conservatory. Alongo a Gnessin anaphunzira pa sukulu imeneyi.
Kenako anapita ku likulu la chikhalidwe cha Russia. Mikhail anasonyeza ntchito zoyamba kwa wolemba wotchuka Lyadov. Maestro, adapatsa mnyamatayo ndemanga zokopa za ntchito zake. Anamulangiza kuti alowe mu Conservatory ya St.
Kuloledwa kwa Gnessin ku Conservatory
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana latsopano, Mikhail Gnesin anafunsira ku St. Petersburg Conservatory. Aphunzitsi adawona talente mwa iye, ndipo adalembetsa mu Faculty of Theory and Composition.
Mphunzitsi wamkulu ndi mlangizi wa mnyamatayo anali wolemba Rimsky-Korsakov. Kulankhulana kwa Gnesin ndi maestro kunamukhudza kwambiri. Mpaka imfa ya Mikhail, iye ankaona mphunzitsi wake ndi mlangizi kukhala abwino. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pambuyo pa imfa ya Rimsky-Korsakov anali Gnesin amene anakonza kope lomaliza.
Mu 1905, woimba waluso ndi wofuna kupeka anatenga gawo mu ndondomeko kusintha. Pachifukwa ichi, adamangidwa ndikuthamangitsidwa ku Conservatory mwamanyazi. Zoona, patapita chaka analembetsanso ku sukulu ya maphunziro.
Panthawi imeneyi, adakhala gawo la zolemba zophiphiritsira. Chifukwa cha madzulo ophiphiritsa, adakwanitsa kudziwana ndi ndakatulo zowala kwambiri za "Silver Age". Gnesin - anali pakati pa moyo wa chikhalidwe, ndipo izi sizikanakhoza kuwonetsedwa mu ntchito yake yoyambirira.
Amalemba nyimbo za ndakatulo zophiphiritsa. Komanso panthawi imeneyi, amalemba mabuku okhudza mtima. Amapanga njira yapadera yowonetsera nyimbo.
Nyimbo zomwe Mikhail adalenga ku mawu a Symbolists, komanso nyimbo zina zomwe zimatchedwa "Symbolist" nthawi, ndizo gawo lalikulu kwambiri la cholowa cha maestro.
Apa m’pamene anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi tsoka lachigiriki. Chidziwitso chatsopano chimatsogolera wolembayo kuti apange katchulidwe kake ka nyimbo ka mawuwo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, woimbayo adalenga nyimbo zamavuto atatu.
Mu likulu la chikhalidwe cha Russia, yogwira ntchito zoimbaimba-zovuta ndi sayansi Maestro anayamba. Amasindikizidwa m'magazini angapo. Mikhail analankhula bwino za mavuto a nyimbo zamakono, makhalidwe ake dziko luso, komanso mfundo za symphony.
Mikhail Gnesin: ntchito maphunziro a wolemba
Kutchuka kwa wolemba nyimboyo kukukulirakulira. ntchito zake ndi chidwi osati Russia, komanso kunja. Atamaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu ya zamaphunziro, dzina lake linalembedwa pagulu la omaliza maphunziro apamtima.
Chilichonse chikanakhala bwino, koma Mikhail Gnesin amaona kuunikira kwabwino kukhala cholinga chachikulu cha moyo wake. Stravinsky, amene pa nthawiyo anali m'gulu la anzake apamtima, analangiza Gnesin kupita kunja, chifukwa, mu maganizo ake, Mikhail analibe kanthu kugwira kwawo. Wolemba nyimboyo akuyankha zotsatirazi: "Ndidzapita ku zigawo ndikuchita maphunziro."
Posakhalitsa anapita ku Krasnodar, ndiyeno ku Rostov. Moyo wa chikhalidwe cha mzindawo wasintha kotheratu kuyambira kufika kwa Gnesin. Wopeka nyimboyo anali ndi njira yakeyake yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha mzindawo.
Nthawi zonse amakonza zikondwerero za nyimbo ndi maphunziro. Ndi thandizo lake, masukulu angapo nyimbo, malaibulale, ndipo kenako Conservatory anatsegulidwa mu mzinda. Michael anakhala mtsogoleri wa bungwe la maphunziro. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse ndi Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni sizinalepheretse wolembayo kuti azindikire zolinga zabwino kwambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 m'zaka zapitazi, adakhazikika mwachidule m'nyumba zapamwamba ku Berlin. Wolemba nyimboyo anali ndi mwayi uliwonse wokhazikika m'dziko lino mpaka kalekale. Panthawi imeneyo, otsutsa a ku Ulaya ndi okonda nyimbo anali okonzeka kuvomereza maestro komanso kumupatsa kukhala nzika.
Gnesin ntchito mu Moscow
Komabe, adakopeka ndi Russia. Patapita nthawi, iye pamodzi ndi banja lake anasamukira ku Moscow kuti agwirizane ndi bizinesi yomwe anayambitsa ndi alongo ake.
Mikhail Fabianovich akulowa moyo wa sukulu luso. Amatsegula dipatimenti yolenga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yatsopano yophunzitsa kumeneko. Malingaliro ake, ndikofunikira kuchita nawo nyimbo ndi ophunzira nthawi yomweyo, osati pambuyo pomaliza chiphunzitsocho. Pambuyo pake, maestro adzasindikiza buku lonse lomwe lidzagwiritse ntchito nkhaniyi.
Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a ana adayambitsidwa kusukulu ya Gnesins. Izi zisanachitike, funso la mtundu wotero wa maphunziro ankaona kuti ndi zopusa, koma Mikhail Gnesin anatsimikizira anzake za ubwino kuphunzira ndi achinyamata.
Gnesin sasiya makoma a Moscow Conservatory. Posakhalitsa anakhala mkulu wa bungwe latsopano la nyimbo. Kuphatikiza apo, maestro amatsogolera gulu lolemba.
Mikhail Gnesin: kuchepa kwa ntchito pansi pa kuukira kwa RAMP
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, anthu oimba nyimbo - RAPM adayambitsa kuukira koopsa. Association of Oyimba imakhazikika m'moyo wachikhalidwe ndikupambana maudindo a utsogoleri. Ambiri amasiya udindo wawo pamaso pa oimira RAPM, koma izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa Mikhail.
Gnesin, yemwe sanatseke pakamwa pake, adatsutsa RAMP mwanjira iliyonse. Iwo nawonso amasindikiza nkhani zabodza zokhudza Mikhail. Wolembayo amaimitsidwa kuntchito ku Moscow Conservatory ndipo adafunanso kutseka kwa faculty, yomwe adatsogolera. Nyimbo za Mikhail panthawiyi zimamveka pang'ono. Iwo akuyesera kumufafaniza iye pa nkhope ya dziko lapansi.
Wolembayo sataya mtima. Amalemba madandaulo kwa akuluakulu. Gnesin adatembenukira kwa Stalin kuti amuthandize. Kupanikizika kwa RAPM kunatha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30. Kwenikweni ndiye mgwirizanowo unathetsedwa.
Pambuyo pa October Revolution, oimba ena anachita zosakhoza kufa za wopeka. Pang'onopang'ono, komabe, nyimbo za maestro zimamveka mocheperako. Ndakatulo za Symbolists zinagweranso mu "mndandanda wakuda", ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, mwayi wopita ku siteji unatsekedwa kwa chikondi cha wolemba waku Russia wolembedwa pa ndakatulo zawo.
Michael akuganiza kuti achepetse. Panthawi imeneyi, iye salemba ntchito zatsopano. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30, adawonekeranso ku Conservatory, koma posakhalitsa luso lake linatsekedwa kachiwiri, chifukwa ankaona kuti sizingakhale zothandiza kwa ophunzira. Gnesin akumva chisoni kwambiri. Zinthu zikuipiraipiranso chifukwa cha imfa ya mkazi woyamba.
Pambuyo pa zochitikazi, adaganiza zosamukira ku St. Iye ndi pulofesa ku Conservatory. Mbiri ya Michael imabwezeretsedwa pang’onopang’ono. Iye amasangalala ndi ulemu waukulu pakati pa ophunzira ndi m’gulu la aphunzitsi. Mphamvu ndi chiyembekezo zimabwerera kwa iye.
Anapitirizabe kuyesa nyimbo. Makamaka, mumatha kumva zolemba za nyimbo za anthu m'ntchito zake. Pa nthawi yomweyi, iye anali kugwira ntchito pa chilengedwe cha buku la Rimsky-Korsakov.
Koma, wolemba nyimboyo ankangofuna moyo wabata. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30, adamva kuti mng'ono wake adaponderezedwa ndikuwomberedwa. Kenako nkhondo ikubwera, ndipo Mikhail, pamodzi ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri, anasamukira ku Yoshkar-Ola.
Mikhail Gnesin: ntchito ku Gnesinka
Mu 42, analowa m’gulu la oimba a ku St. Petersburg Conservatory, amene anatengedwa kupita ku Tashkent. Koma choyipa kwambiri chinali m'tsogolo. Anamva za imfa ya mwana wake wamwamuna wazaka 35. Michael akumira m'maganizo. Koma, ngakhale mu nthawi yovutayi, wolembayo akupanga atatu opambana "Pokumbukira ana athu akufa." Maestro adapereka nyimboyi kwa mwana wake wakufa momvetsa chisoni.
Mlongo Elena Gnesina, cha m'ma 40s a zaka zapitazi, anayambitsa bungwe latsopano la maphunziro apamwamba. Amayitanira mchimwene wake ku yunivesite kuti akhale mtsogoleri. Iye anavomera pempho la wachibale wake ndipo anatsogolera dipatimenti yolemba mabuku. Pa nthawi yomweyo repertoire wake anadzadzidwa ndi Sonata-Zongopeka.
Tsatanetsatane wa moyo wa Mikhail Gnesin
Margolina Nadezhda - anakhala mkazi woyamba wa maestro. Iye ankagwira ntchito ku laibulale ndipo ankamasulira. Atakumana ndi Mikhail, mayiyo adalowa m'chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zakale ndikuphunzitsidwa ngati woimba.
Mu ukwati uwu, mwana Fabius anabadwa. Mnyamatayo anali ndi mphatso yoimba. Amadziwikanso kuti anali ndi vuto la m'maganizo lomwe lidamulepheretsa kudzizindikira m'moyo. Iye ankakhala ndi bambo ake.
Pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wake woyamba, Gnesin anatenga Galina Vankovich kukhala mkazi wake. Anagwira ntchito ku Moscow Conservatory. Panali nthano zenizeni zokhudza mkazi ameneyu. Anali wophunzira kwambiri. Galina analankhula zinenero zingapo, iye kujambula zithunzi, analemba ndakatulo ndi kuimba nyimbo.
Zaka zomaliza za moyo wa wolemba
Anapita kukapuma koyenera, koma ngakhale atapuma pantchito, Gnesin sanatope ndi kupanga nyimbo. Mu 1956, adasindikizadi buku lakuti Thoughts and Memories of N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov. Ngakhale ntchito zabwino kudziko lakwawo, nyimbo zake zimamveka mocheperako. Anamwalira ndi matenda a mtima pa May 5, 1957.
Masiku ano, akutchulidwa kwambiri kuti ndi "woyiwalika" wolemba nyimbo. Koma, tisaiwale kuti cholowa chake cholenga ndi choyambirira komanso chapadera. M'zaka zapitazi za 10-15, ntchito za woimba wa ku Russia zakhala zikuchitika nthawi zambiri kunja kusiyana ndi kudziko lawo lakale.
