Chaka cha 2017 chimadziwika ndi tsiku lofunika kwambiri lazojambula za opera padziko lonse - woimba wotchuka wa ku Ukraine Solomiya Krushelnytska anabadwa zaka 145 zapitazo. Liwu losaiwalika la velvety, mitundu pafupifupi ma octave atatu, luso lapamwamba la akatswiri oimba, mawonekedwe owala a siteji. Zonsezi zinapangitsa Solomiya Krushelnitskaya kukhala chodabwitsa chapadera mu chikhalidwe cha opera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX.
Luso lake lodabwitsa linayamikiridwa ndi omvera ku Italy ndi Germany, Poland ndi Russia, France ndi America. Osewera oimba monga Enrico Caruso, Mattia Battistini, Tito Ruffa anaimba naye pa siteji yomweyo. Otsogolera otchuka Toscanini, Cleofonte Campanini, Leopoldo Mugnone anamuitana kuti agwirizane.
Ndi chifukwa cha Solomiya Krushelnytska kuti Gulugufe (Giacomo Puccini) akadali paziwonetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi lero. Masewero a mbali zazikulu za woyimbayo adakhala wofunikira kwambiri pazolemba zina. kuwonekera koyamba kugulu mu sewero "Salome", zisudzo "Loreley" ndi "Valli" anakhala otchuka. Iwo anaphatikizidwa mu operatic repertoire okhazikika.
Ubwana ndi unyamata wa wojambula
Iye anabadwa pa September 23, 1872 m’chigawo cha Ternopil m’banja lalikulu loimba la wansembe. Pozindikira luso lachilendo la mawu a mwana wake wamkazi, bambo ake anamupatsa maphunziro oyenera nyimbo. Iye ankayimba mu kwaya yake, ngakhale kuitsogolera kwa kanthawi.
Anamuthandiza m’kusafuna kukwatiwa ndi mwamuna wosakondedwa ndikupereka moyo wake ku luso la zaluso. Chifukwa cha kukana kwa mwana wamkazi kukwatiwa ndi wansembe wam’tsogolo, m’banjamo munabuka mavuto ambiri. Ana ake ena aakazi sanalinso pachibwenzi. Koma bambowo mosiyana ndi mayi ake a Solomiya, nthawi zonse ankakhala kumbali ya amene ankamukonda kwambiri.
Maphunziro pa Conservatory ndi Pulofesa Valery Vysotsky kwa zaka zitatu anapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Solomiya adamupanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la Lviv Opera Theatre ngati mezzo-soprano mu opera The Favorite (Gaetano Donizetti).
Chifukwa chodziwana ndi nyenyezi ya ku Italy Gemma Belliconi, Solomiya anayamba kuphunzira ku Italy. Chikhalidwe cha mawu ake si mezzo, koma soprano yochititsa chidwi (izi zinatsimikiziridwa ndi mphunzitsi wotchuka wa Milanese bel canto Fausta Crespi). Choncho, tsogolo la Solomiya kale kugwirizana ndi Italy. Dzina lakuti Solomiya kuchokera ku Italy limatanthauza "wanga ndekha." Iye anali ndi vuto lalikulu - kunali koyenera "kukonzanso" mawu ake kuchokera ku mezzo kupita ku soprano. Chilichonse chinayenera kuyambira pachiyambi.
M’zolemba zake, Elena (mlongo wake wa Krushelnitskaya) analemba za khalidwe la Solomiya kuti: “Tsiku lililonse ankaphunzira nyimbo ndi kuimba kwa maola asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi, ndiyeno n’kupita ku maphunziro a zisudzo, ankabwera kunyumba atatopa. Koma sanadandaulepo chilichonse. Ndinadzifunsa kangapo konse komwe anapeza mphamvu ndi nyonga zochuluka chotere. Mchemwali wanga ankakonda nyimbo ndi kuimba mwachidwi kwambiri moti popanda iwo zinkaoneka kuti sipakanakhala moyo.
Solomiya, mwachibadwa chake, anali wokhulupirira kwambiri, koma pazifukwa zina nthawi zonse ankadziona ngati wosakhutira ndi iye mwini. Pa ntchito yake iliyonse, ankakonzekera mosamala kwambiri. Kuti aphunzirepo mbaliyi, Solomiya anangofunika kungoyang’ana zolemba zimene amaŵerenga papepala, pamene munthu amaŵerenga mawu osindikizidwa. Ndinaphunzira masewerawa pamtima masiku awiri kapena atatu. Koma chimenecho chinali chiyambi chabe cha ntchitoyo.
Chiyambi cha ntchito yolenga
Kuchokera m'makalata ndi Mikhail Pavlik, amadziwika kuti Solomiya adaphunziranso nyimbo, adayesa kulemba yekha nyimbo. Koma kenako anasiya mtundu uwu wa zilandiridwenso, kudzipereka yekha kuimba.
Mu 1894, woimbayo anasaina pangano ndi nyumba ya zisudzo. Pamodzi ndi tenor wotchuka Alexander Mishuga, iye anaimba mu zisudzo Faust, Il trovatore, Un ballo mu maschera, miyala. Si mbali zonse za zisudzo zomwe zinali zogwirizana ndi mawu ake. Panali zidutswa za coloratura m’madera a Margarita ndi Eleonora.
Ngakhale zonse, woimbayo adakwanitsa. Komabe, otsutsa a ku Poland adadzudzula Krushelnytska kuti ankaimba m'njira yodziwika bwino ya ku Italy. Ndipo adayiwala zomwe adaphunzitsidwa ku Conservatory, ponena za zofooka zake zomwe adalibe. Inde, izi sizikanatheka popanda "kukhumudwa" Pulofesa Vysotsky ndi ophunzira ake. Choncho, pambuyo kuchita mu zisudzo, Solomiya kachiwiri anabwerera ku Italy kuphunzira.
"Ndikangofika, kumene zaka zingapo Lvov isanafike ... anthu kumeneko sangandizindikire ... ndidzapirira mpaka mapeto ndikuyesera kutsimikizira onse omwe alibe chiyembekezo kuti mzimu waku Russia ungathenso kukumbatira. wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse la nyimbo,” analembera kalata anzake a ku Italy.
Anabwerera ku Lvov mu January 1895. Apa woimba anachita "Manon" (Giacomo Puccini). Kenako anapita ku Vienna kwa mphunzitsi wotchuka Gensbacher kuti akaphunzire zisudzo Wagner. Solomiya adagwira ntchito zazikulu pafupifupi pafupifupi ma opera onse a Wagner pa magawo osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi. Ankaonedwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa oimba kwambiri nyimbo zake.
Ndiye kunali Warsaw. Kumeneko mwamsanga anapeza ulemu ndi kutchuka. Anthu aku Poland ndi otsutsa amamuwona ngati wosewera wosapambana wa maphwando "Pebble" ndi "Countess". Mu 1898-1902. pa siteji ya Bolshoi Theatre ku Warsaw, Solomiya anachita ndi Enrico Caruso. Komanso ndi Mattia Battistini, Adam Didur, Vladislav Floriansky ndi ena.
Solomiya Krushelnytska: Ntchito Zopanga
Kwa zaka 5 adachita nawo zisudzo: Tannhäuser ndi Valkyrie (Richard Wagner), Othello, Aida. Komanso "Don Carlos", "Masquerade Ball", "Ernani" (Giuseppe Verdi), "African", "Robert the Devil" ndi "Huguenots" (Giacomo Meyerbeer), "The Cardinal's Daughter" ("Myuda") ( Fromantal Halevi) , "Demon" (Anton Rubinstein), "Werther" (Jules Massenet), "La Gioconda" (Amilcare Ponchielli), "Tosca" ndi "Manon" (Giacomo Puccini), "Country Honor" (Pietro Mascagni), "Fra Mdyerekezi" (Daniel Francois Aubert)," Maria di Rogan "(Gaetano Donizetti)," The Barber wa Seville "(Gioacchino Rossini)," Eugene Onegin "," Mfumukazi ya Spades "ndi" Mazepa "(Pyotr Tchaikovsky) ," Hero ndi Leander "( Giovanni Bottesini), "Miyala" ndi "Countess" (Stanislav Moniuszko), "Goplan" (Vladislav Zelensky).
Panali anthu ku Warsaw omwe adayamba kunyoza, kuputa, kunyoza woimbayo. Adachita nawo atolankhani ndikulemba kuti woimbayo amapeza ndalama zambiri kuposa ojambula ena. Ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, sakufuna kuimba mu Chipolishi, sakonda nyimbo za Moniuszko ndi ena.Solomiya adakhumudwa ndi nkhani zoterezi ndipo adaganiza zochoka ku Warsaw. Chifukwa cha feuilleton ya Libetsky "New Italian", woimbayo adasankha nyimbo ya ku Italy.
Ulemerero ndi kuzindikira
Kuwonjezera mizinda ndi midzi ku Western Ukraine, Solomiya anaimba ku Odessa pa siteji ya opera m'deralo monga mbali ya gulu Italy. Makhalidwe abwino a anthu okhala ku Odessa ndi gulu la Italy kwa iye ndi chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa anthu ambiri a ku Italy mumzindawu. Iwo sanali kukhala mu Odessa, komanso anachita zambiri kwa chitukuko cha nyimbo chikhalidwe kum'mwera Palmyra.
Kugwira ntchito ku Bolshoi ndi Mariinsky zisudzo, kwa zaka zingapo Solomiya Krushelnitskaya bwinobwino anachita zisudzo ndi Pyotr Tchaikovsky.
Guido Marotta adanena za luso lapamwamba la nyimbo za woimbayo: "Solomiya Krushelnitskaya ndi woimba wanzeru yemwe ali ndi kalembedwe kake. Iye ankaimba piyano mokongola, iye ankaphunzitsa zambiri ndi maudindo, popanda kupempha thandizo kwa akatswiri.
Mu 1902, Krushelnitskaya anapita ku St. Kenako adasewera ku Paris ndi tenor wotchuka Jan Reschke. Pa siteji ya La Scala, iye anaimba mu sewero la nyimbo Salome, opera Elektra (Richard Strauss), Phaedre (wolemba Simon Maira), ndi ena. Pa zisudzo "La Scala" Solomiya anaimba mu opera "Lohengrin" (Richard Wagner).
Solomiya Krushelnytska: Moyo Pambuyo pa Opera Stage
Atamaliza ntchito yake yoimba, Solomiya anayamba kuyimba nyimbo ya chipinda. Ndikuyenda ku America, adayimba m'zilankhulo zisanu ndi ziwiri (Chitaliyana, Chifalansa, Chijeremani, Chingerezi, Chisipanishi, Chipolishi, Chirasha) chakale, nyimbo zachikale, zachikondi, zamakono komanso zamakono. Krushelnitskaya ankadziwa kupatsa aliyense wa iwo kukoma kwachilendo. Kupatula apo, anali ndi chinthu chinanso chamtengo wapatali - lingaliro la kalembedwe.
Mu 1939 (madzulo a kugawa Poland pakati pa Soviet Union wakale ndi Germany), Krushelnytska kachiwiri anabwera Lvov. Ankachita zimenezi chaka chilichonse kuti akaone banja lake. Komabe, sakanatha kubwerera ku Italy. Izi zinalephereka choyamba ndi kulowa kwa Galicia ku USSR, ndiyeno ndi nkhondo.
Nyuzipepala ya Soviet pambuyo pa nkhondo inalemba za kusafuna kwa Krushelnytska kuchoka ku Lvov ndi kubwerera ku Italy. Ndipo adatchula mawu a woimbayo, yemwe adaganiza kuti ndi bwino kukhala munthu wa Soviet kusiyana ndi "milioneya wa ku Italy".
Khalidwe lamphamvu linathandiza Solomiya kupulumuka chisoni, njala, komanso matenda othyoka mwendo mu 1941-1945. Ang'ono aja adamuthandiza Solomiya chifukwa analibe ntchito sanamuitanire kulikonse. Ndi zovuta kwambiri, nyenyezi wakale wa siteji ya opera anapeza ntchito pa Lviv Conservatory. Koma nzika yake inakhalabe ya ku Italy. Kuti apeze nzika ya Socialist Ukraine, adayenera kuvomereza kugulitsa nyumba yanyumba ku Italy. Ndipo perekani ndalama ku boma la Soviet. Atalandira kuchokera ku boma la Soviet gawo laling'ono la kugulitsa nyumbayi, ntchito ya mphunzitsi, mutu wa antchito olemekezeka, pulofesa, woimbayo adayamba ntchito yophunzitsa.
Ngakhale kuti anali ndi zaka, Solomiya Krushelnitskaya anachita zoimbaimba payekha ali ndi zaka 77. Malinga ndi m'modzi mwa omvera ma concerts:
"Anagunda ndi kuya kwa soprano yowala, yamphamvu, yosinthika, yomwe, chifukwa cha mphamvu zamatsenga, idathira ngati mtsinje watsopano kuchokera mthupi losalimba la woimbayo."
Wojambulayo analibe ophunzira otchuka. Anthu owerengeka panthawiyo anamaliza maphunziro awo mpaka chaka cha 5, pambuyo pa nkhondo ku Lviv zinali zovuta kwambiri.
Wojambula wotchuka adamwalira ali ndi zaka 80 ndi khansa yapakhosi. Woimbayo sanadandaule kwa aliyense za matenda ake, adamwalira mwakachetechete, popanda kukopa chidwi.
Kumbukirani nthano ya nyimbo za ku Ukraine
Nyimbo zoimbira zidaperekedwa kwa wojambula, zithunzi zidajambulidwa. Anthu otchuka a chikhalidwe ndi ndale ankakondana naye. Awa ndi wolemba Vasily Stefanik, wolemba komanso wodziwika bwino wa anthu Mikhail Pavlik. Komanso loya ndi ndale Teofil Okunevsky, wamankhwala wa mfumu ya Aigupto. Wojambula wotchuka wa ku Italy, Manfredo Manfredini, adadzipha chifukwa cha chikondi chosayenerera cha opera diva.
Anapatsidwa ma epithets: "osapambana", "okha", "wapadera", "wosayerekezeka". Mmodzi mwa ndakatulo za ku Italy zowala kwambiri chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, Gabriele d'Annunzio. Anapatulira vesilo "Poetic Memory" kwa Krushelnitskaya, yomwe pambuyo pake idayikidwa ku nyimbo ndi wolemba Renato Brogi.
Solomiya Krushelnytska adalumikizana ndi anthu otchuka a chikhalidwe cha Chiyukireniya: Ivan Franko, Mykola Lysenko, Vasily Stefanyk, Olga Kobylyanska. Woimbayo nthawi zonse amaimba nyimbo zamtundu wa Chiyukireniya pamakonsati ndipo sanathyolepo ubale wake ndi dziko lawo.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti Krushelnitskaya sanaitanidwe kuimba pa siteji ya Kyiv Opera House. Ngakhale adalemberana makalata ndi oyang'anira ake kwa zaka zingapo. Komabe, panali kukhazikika kwina mu chododometsa ichi. Ojambula ena odziwika a ku Ukraine anali ndi tsogolo lomwelo la "osaitanidwa". Uyu ndiye soloist wa Vienna Opera Ira Malaniuk komanso wopambana Wagner tenor, woyimba yekha wa Swedish Royal Opera Modest Mencinski.
Woimbayo ankakhala moyo wosangalala ngati nyenyezi ya opera ya ukulu woyamba. Koma nthawi zambiri ankagwira mawu kwa ophunzira ake mawu a Enrico Caruso akuti achinyamata onse amene amafuna masewerowa amafuna kufuula kuti:
“Kumbukirani! Iyi ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Ngakhale mutakhala ndi mawu abwino komanso maphunziro olimba, muyenerabe kudziwa maudindo ambiri. Ndipo izi zimatenga zaka zolimbikira komanso kukumbukira kwapadera. Onjezani ku siteji iyi maluso, omwe amafunikiranso kuphunzitsidwa ndipo simungathe kuchita popanda iwo mu opera. Muyenera kusuntha, mpanda, kugwa, gesticulate, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo, potsiriza, mu mkhalidwe wamakono wa opera, m'pofunika kudziwa zinenero zakunja.
Mnzake wa Solomia Negrito da Piazzini (mwana wamkazi wa wotsogolera zisudzo ku Buenos Aires) anakumbukira kuti palibe ngakhale wotsogolera mmodzi amene anam’lankhulapo, pozindikira kuti sangaletsedwe. Koma ngakhale ma conductors ndi oimba otchuka anamvera malangizo ndi maganizo a Solomiya.
