Alfred Schnittke ndi woimba yemwe adathandizira kwambiri nyimbo zachikale. Anakhala ngati wolemba nyimbo, woimba, mphunzitsi komanso katswiri wanyimbo waluso. Nyimbo za Alfred zimamveka mu cinema yamakono. Koma nthawi zambiri ntchito za woimba wotchuka amatha kumveka m'malo owonetserako masewero ndi malo owonetsera.
Anayenda kwambiri m’mayiko a ku Ulaya. Schnittke ankalemekezedwa osati m'dziko lake lakale, komanso kunja. Chinthu chachikulu cha Schnittke chinali mawonekedwe apadera komanso chiyambi.
Alfred Schnittke: Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Wopeka tsogolo anabadwa November 24, 1934 mu mzinda wa Engels. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, makolo a katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchitoyo anali ndi chiyambi chachiyuda. Mzinda wa kwawo kwa mutu wa banja unali Frankfurt am Main. Pamene nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inayamba, banjali anakakamizika kusamukira ku likulu. Agogo ndi agogo ankakhala kumeneko. Izi zinali zopulumutsa moyo wa banjali.
Schnittke anakulira m'banja lalikulu. Kuwonjezera pa iye, makolo ake analera ana ena atatu. Alfred ankangolankhula zabwino zokhazokha zokhudza banja lake. Anali ochezeka ndipo ankayesetsa kuthandizana pankhondo zovuta komanso pambuyo pa nkhondo. Kenako banja anakakamizika kunyamula zinthu zofunika ndi kusamukira ku Moscow. Makolo ankaphunzitsa ana Chijeremani, pamene agogo anaphunzitsa zoyambira za Chirasha.
Mnyamata wamng'ono luso anayamba kuchita nawo nyimbo kuyambira zaka 11. Nkhondo itatha, banja lalikulu linasamukira ku Vienna. Izi zinali zofunikira. Mutu wabanja ali ndi mwayi. Ku Vienna, adatenga udindo wa mtolankhani wa chofalitsa chodziwika bwino cha Österreichische Zeitung.
Pa gawo la Austria, Alfred anamaliza maphunziro a sukulu nyimbo pakati 1940s m'zaka zapitazi. Kukula kwachidziwitso pomalizira pake kunamutsimikizira kuti anali panjira yoyenera. Patapita zaka zingapo, banja la Schnittke linabwereranso pamasutikesi. Iwo anasamukira ku Moscow. Amayi ndi abambo adapeza ntchito ku nyuzipepala yakumaloko. Ndipo Alfred anapitiriza kuzolowerana ndi nyimbo.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, mnyamatayo anali ndi dipuloma yochokera ku Moscow Conservatory. Kenako anapita kusukulu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, Alfred anaphunzitsa "Kuwerenga zambiri" ndi "Instrumentation". Mphunzitsiyo mwadala sanatenge anthu ambiri m’gulu lake kuti athe kuthera nthaŵi yochuluka kwa wophunzira aliyense.
Kenako anakhala mbali ya Union of Composers. Ntchitoyi sinapatse Schnittke ndalama zambiri, choncho anayamba kulemba nyimbo za mafilimu. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi ntchito yaikulu, sanachoke m'makoma a malo ophunzirira kumene ankaphunzitsa.
Kulenga njira Alfred Schnittke
Alfred - wopeka kwambiri amene, mu mbiri yake kulenga, anayesa kumvetsa munthu ndi akamanena zake. Iye ankafotokoza zimene anakumana nazo mu ntchito zake. Zochitika, mantha, kufunafuna choonadi ndi tanthauzo la moyo wa munthu - mitu imeneyi Schnittke anakhudza mu zolemba zake. Muzolengedwa za woimbayo, symbiosis yapadera ya zoopsa ndi comic idapangidwa.
Iye anakhala mlengi wa mawu akuti "polystylistics" (kuphatikiza aesthetics osiyana). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, Alfred adapanga ballet yake yoyamba, yotchedwa Labyrinths. Kenako amayi ake anamwalira. Pokumbukira iye, woimbayo analemba piyano quintet, yomwe lero imadziwika kwa anthu monga "Wolemba Ntchito".
Anagwira ntchito mwakhama pa njira ya aleatorics. Mwachidule nyimbo zolembedwa ndi njira iyi, mutha kupeza danga lalikulu lokonzekera bwino. Ntchito zotere sizimangokhala ndi mafelemu.
Pankhaniyi, zikuchokera "Choyamba Symphony" - chitsanzo chabwino. Ntchitoyi idachitika koyamba chifukwa cha wokonda wanzeru Gennady Rozhdestvensky. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nyimbo zamtunduwu zidakondedwa ndi aliyense. Komanso, nyimbo zachikale zinkaonedwa kuti ndizovuta kwambiri. Choncho, nyimbo ya "First Symphony" siinapangidwe mu zisudzo za St. Petersburg ndi Moscow. Ulaliki wake unachitikira m'dera la Nizhny Novgorod.
Ntchito ya Alfred Schnittke inali yoyambirira komanso yoyambirira, popeza inalibe zoletsa zamtundu ndi malembedwe. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, katswiriyu anapereka Concerto Grosso No. 1 kwa okonda nyimbo zachikalekale. Alfred Schnittke anatchuka kwambiri kupitirira malire a dziko lakwawo.
Schnittke anachita chidwi ndi polystylistics. Analimbikitsidwa ndi kumveka kwa nyimbo ya anthu. Atachita chidwi ndi ntchito zoterezi, katswiriyu analemba Der Sonnengesang des Franz von Assisi. Omvera omwe anali ovuta adavomereza nyimbo yatsopanoyi mwachangu.
Alfred Schnittke: Zolemba Zatsopano
Posakhalitsa ulaliki wa nyimbo ya "Second Symphony" inachitika, ndipo ena angapo adatsatira. M'chaka chomwecho iye anapita ku Paris Opera. Anagwira nawo ntchito yopanga opera yotchedwa The Queen of Spades.
Algis Žiuraitis atamva kuti opera ikukonzekera kupanga The Queen of Spades, adafalitsa nkhani yodzutsa chilakolako. Wotsogolera wa Bolshoi Theatre, Lyubimov, sanatulutsidwe ku USSR kuti achite masewera olimbitsa thupi. Chifukwa chake, chiwonetsero choyamba cha opera The Queen of Spades sichinachitike. Kokha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, lingaliro la olenga linamasuliridwa kukhala chenicheni. Chiwonetserocho chinachitika ku Karlsruhe. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ochita zisudzo ku Moscow adakondwera ndi kupanga masewero a Queen of Spades.
Pachimake cha kutchuka kwa wolemba
Ambiri amavomereza kuti pachimake cha kutchuka kwa Schnittke kunali m'ma 1980 a zaka zapitazo. Apa ndi pamene maestro adafalitsa cantata The History of Dr. Johann Faust. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Schnittke ntchito pa chilengedwe cha zikuchokera anapereka kwa zaka zoposa 10. Otsutsa ndi osilira maestro nawonso adavomereza mwamphamvu zachilendozi.
Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1980, katswiriyu adasindikiza Cello Concerto No. Patatha chaka chimodzi, adagawana nawo ntchito zabwino kwambiri za Fifth Symphony ndi Concerto Grosso No. 1. Pambuyo pake, cholembera chake chinatuluka:
- "Atatu kwaya mapemphero Orthodox";
- "Concerto for Mixed Choir pa mavesi a G. Narekatsi";
- "Ndakatulo za Kulapa".
Luso la wopeka wanzeru anayamikiridwa pa mlingo wapamwamba. Si chinsinsi kuti adasiya cholowa cholemera. Iye analemba ballets ndi operas, oposa khumi ndi awiri concertos, symphonies zisanu ndi zinayi, anayi concertos violin. Wakhala ndi nyimbo zambiri zotsagana ndi zisudzo ndi zithunzi zoyenda.
M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1980, talente ya Schnittke inadziwika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Anakhala "Wolemekezeka Wojambula wa RSFSR". Kuwonjezera pamenepo, woimbayo wakhala akugwira mobwerezabwereza mphoto zolemekezeka ndi mphoto.
Tsatanetsatane wa moyo wa wolemba Alfred Schnittke
Ngakhale kuti anali ndi moyo wotanganidwa kwambiri, Schnittke anapeza nthawi ya chikondi. Anakwatiwa kawiri. Chigwirizano choyamba cha banja chinachitika ali wamng'ono. Chinali chikondi poyamba paja. Mkazi wa wolemba wotchuka anali mtsikana wotchedwa Galina Koltsova. Banjali silinakhalitse. Posakhalitsa anasudzulana.
M'dzina la chikondi, Schnittke anaphwanya malamulo ophunzitsira. Anayamba kukondana ndi wophunzira wake Irina Kataeva. Maestro adachita chidwi ndi kukongola kosadziwika kwa mtsikanayo. Posakhalitsa banjali linakula ndi munthu mmodzi. Irina anabala wolowa wa wolemba. Mwanayo dzina lake anali Andrew.
Schnittke ananena mobwerezabwereza kuti Ira Kataeva anali chikondi cha moyo wake. Banjali linkakhala mogwirizana ndiponso mwachikondi. Banjali linali losagwirizana mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wa maestro otchuka.
Zosangalatsa
- Anapanga nyimbo zamakanema opitilira 30.
- Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, Alfred anapatsidwa mphoto ya Lenin. Koma iye anakana izo pazifukwa zaumwini.
- Imodzi mwa philharmonics, yomwe ili ku Saratov, imatchedwa Alfred Schnittke.
- Mafilimu angapo a autobiographical apangidwa okhudza moyo wa katswiri wotchuka.
- Wolemba nyimboyo anamwalira ku Germany, koma anaikidwa m'manda ku likulu la Russia.
Zaka zomaliza za moyo wa wolemba
Mu 1985, maestro anagwidwa ndi zikwapu zingapo. Thanzi la wopeka nyimboyo linasokonekera, koma ngakhale izi, anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito mwakhama. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990, iye ndi mkazi wake anasamukira kudera la Hamburg. Kumeneko wolemba nyimboyo anaphunzitsa pasukulu ya sekondale.
Mu Ogasiti 1998, katswiriyu adadwalanso sitiroko, yomwe idapha. August 3, 1998 anamwalira. Thupi la Schnittke likupumula ku Manda a Novodevichy ku Moscow.
