Opera ndi chipinda woimba Fyodor Chaliapin anakhala wotchuka monga mwini wa mawu kwambiri. Ntchito ya nthanoyi imadziwika kutali ndi malire a dziko lakwawo.
Ubwana
Fedor Ivanovich ndi wochokera ku Kazan. Makolo ake anali kuyendera anthu wamba. Mayi sanagwire ntchito ndipo adadzipereka kwathunthu ku chiyambi cha banja, ndipo mutu wa banja unali ndi udindo wa wolemba mu utsogoleri wa Zemstvo.
Ali ndi zikumbukiro zabwino kwambiri za ubwana wake. Makolo osamala anazungulira mwana wawo osati ndi chidwi chokha. Makamaka, makolo sanasokoneze chitukuko cha luso la kulenga la ana awo.
Mu ubwana Fedor anapeza luso zodabwitsa. Chuma chachikulu cha Chaliapin chaching'ono chinali chokwera kwambiri. Chifukwa cha luso lake la mawu, analembetsa m’kwaya ya tchalitchi. Mkati mwa makoma a tchalitchi cha kumeneko, anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo zoimbira. Mkulu wa banjalo sankakhulupirira kuti kuimba kungalemeretse mwana wake, choncho anam’phunzitsa ntchito yokonza nsapato. Koma, tikuona kuti sanali kusokoneza mapangidwe Fedor monga woimba.
Chaliapin anakhala zaka zingapo kuphunzira kusukulu, ndipo anamaliza maphunziro aulemu. Kenako Fedor anatumizidwa kukagwira ntchito monga wothandizira kalaliki. Kenako analemba kuti zaka zimenezi zinali zotopetsa kwambiri pamoyo wake. Mawu ake anasweka, ndipo Chaliapin sanathenso kukwanitsa kuimba. Ntchitoyi sinapatse Fedor chisangalalo chilichonse. Iye anali pamphepete mwa kutaya mtima.
Mwinamwake, ngati sichoncho chifukwa cha nkhani imodzi yosangalatsa, Fedor akanatha moyo wake wonse mu ntchito yotopetsa. Kamodzi iye anapita ku Kazan Opera House. Chaliapin adadabwa ndi zomwe adamva pa siteji. Amasankha kusintha moyo wake kwathunthu.
Unyamata wa woimba Fyodor Chaliapin
Atakwanitsa zaka 16, anaganiza kuti ndi nthawi yoti achitepo kanthu. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mawu ake anasiya "kusweka", ndipo anabwera ku audition pa nyumba ya opera. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi luso lodziwikiratu, Chaliapin adatumizidwa kunyumba. Posakhalitsa analandiridwa mu Serebryakov Theatre.
Pakadutsa nthawi yochepa kwambiri ndipo mnyamatayo adzapatsidwa udindo wotsogolera mu opera Eugene Onegin. Kupambana koyamba kofunikira kumalimbikitsa Fedor ndipo pambuyo pake amapita ku gulu lodalirika, m'malingaliro ake, gulu.
Kwa nthawi yayitali amatha kukhalabe ndi luso lodziphunzitsa yekha. Zolephera zazing'ono zimapangitsa Fedor kuchitapo kanthu. Imawonjezera mawu. Posakhalitsa adalowa nawo ku Little Russia Theatre, yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi luso G. I. Derkach. Ndi gulu la mtsogoleri Chaliapin anapita ulendo wautali. Ulendowu unatha ndi mfundo yakuti anaganiza zokhala ku Tbilisi.
Ku Georgia, luso la Fedor nayenso silinadziwike. Iye anaona mphunzitsi wotchedwa Dmitry Usatov. Womalizayo adadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri aluso kwambiri ku Bolshoi Theatre. Dmitry adawona kuthekera kwakukulu ku Fedor. Amachitenga pansi pa chitetezo chake. Limodzi ndi maphunziro amawu amene Usatov amakonza kwa iye, woimba wamng'ono ntchito mu umodzi wa zisudzo mu likulu la Georgia.
Fyodor Chaliapin: Njira yopangira
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, adalowa ntchito ya Imperial Theatre ya St. The Imperial Theatre inali yodzaza ndi kukhwima ndi dongosolo. Izi zinayamba kutopa Chaliapin. Kamodzi ntchito ya Fedor inadziwika ndi philanthropist Savva Mamontov. Anapereka mwayi wopindulitsa kwa woyimba wachinyamatayo. Savva adakopa talente yachinyamatayo kumalo ake owonetsera.
Mamontov nthawi yomweyo anazindikira kuti pamaso pake panali nugget weniweni. Savva adawona kuthekera kwakukulu kopanga ku Fedor. Anapatsa Chaliapin ufulu wonse wochitapo kanthu mu gulu lake. Tsiku ndi tsiku, woyimbayo adawulula zomwe zidamveka. Palibe amene anamuletsa kapena kumusintha kuti agwirizane ndi dongosolo linalake.
Mu gululo, iye adatha kuphimba mbali zodziwika za bass za zisudzo zaku Russia. Ntchito yake ya Mephistopheles mu Faust ya Charles Gounod imakhalabe chizindikiro. Mu nthawi yochepa Fedor Ivanovich anakwanitsa kukhala nyenyezi yapadziko lonse.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana latsopano, iye akuwonekeranso mkati mwa makoma a Mariinsky Theatre. Tsopano zitseko za mabungwe abwino kwambiri azikhalidwe m'dzikoli ndi zotsegukira kwa woimba wa opera. Pa Mariinsky Theatre, iye analembetsa soloist.
Ndi bwalo la zisudzo ku St. Petersburg amayendera mayiko a ku Ulaya. Kamodzi anali ndi mwayi kuchita pa siteji pa Metropolitan Opera ku New York. Ndi maonekedwe ake, Fedor adakondweretsanso mafani a Moscow. Nthawi zambiri ankaimba pa siteji ya Bolshoi Theatre.
Anapatsidwa mutu wa People's Artist wa RSFSR
Kuyambira 1905, iye anayamba kuimba payekha. Chaliapin adachita zachikondi komanso nyimbo zamtundu. Omvera amakumbukira makamaka ulaliki wa nyimbo "Dubinushka" ndi "Along the Piterskaya". Panthawi imeneyi, amapereka ndalama zomwe amapeza kwa ogwira ntchito omwe akusowa thandizo.
Zochita za woimbayo zinkafanana ndi ndale zamtendere. Zochita zoterezi zalandira yankho labwino kuchokera ku boma lamakono. Fedor anali ndi mbiri yabwino ndi boma lomwe lilipo. Koma, mwatsoka, analepherabe kukhalabe ndi “nzika yabwino” m’dziko lakwawo.
Pambuyo kusintha, kusintha zabwino zinayamba pa moyo wa Fedor Ivanovich. Anasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Mariinsky Theatre. Komanso, iye anali kupereka udindo wa People's Artist wa RSFSR.
Mu udindo watsopano, sanakhale nthawi yaitali. Atatha ulendo woyamba kudziko lina, anaganiza zosabwerera kwawo. Chaliapin anatenga banja lalikulu. Fedor Ivanovich sanachitenso pa siteji ya dziko lakwawo. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, adaganiza zochotsa woimbayo mutu wa People's Artist.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti mbiri yolenga ya woimba wotchuka si nyimbo zokha. Anali munthu wosinthasintha modabwitsa. Amadziwika kuti ankakonda kujambula ndi ziboliboli. Anali ndi mwayi wosewera mafilimu angapo.
Fyodor Chaliapin: Tsatanetsatane wa moyo wake
Fedor Ivanovich anali munthu wachikondi. Iye anakumana ndi mkazi wake woyamba mu unyamata wake, pamene iye ankagwira ntchito mu zisudzo woyang'anira wake Savva Mamontov. Chaliapin adagonjetsedwa ndi ballerina wokongola Iola Tornaga.
Msungwana wina, woimbayo adagonjetsedwa ndi kupsa mtima komanso ku Italy. Koposa zonse, sanafune kuti aliyense amutenge. Anamupangira ukwati, ndipo Tornaga adayankha mwamunayo mobwezera.
Pa moyo wa banja, ballerina anabala ana asanu ndi Fedor. Banja lambiri silinalepheretse Chaliapin kusintha m'moyo. Iye ankakonda kutenga zoopsa, kuwonjezera apo, anali wosiyana ndi mphepo.
Nthaŵi zambiri ankakhala ku St. Petersburg, kutali ndi banja lake. Mtunda unkachita nthabwala zankhanza ndi banjali. Posakhalitsa anakhala ndi mkazi watsopano. Anakumana ndi Maria Petzold mwachinsinsi. Sanalengeze za ubalewo, popeza onse anali okwatirana mwalamulo. Posakhalitsa anayamba kukhala pamodzi, ndipo iye anabala ana kuchokera Chaliapin.
Anapitiriza kukhala ndi moyo wachiphamaso mpaka anasamukira ku Ulaya. Pamene anapita kukaona malo, anatenga banja lake lachiŵiri kupita nalo. Patapita nthawi, ana a m’banja lake loyamba anayamba kukakhala naye.
Kunyumba, adasiya mwana wamkazi wamkulu ndi mkazi wake wakale. Ngakhale kuti Fedor anachita mosakhulupirika kwa mkazi wake woyamba, iye sanali kusunga chakukhosi mwamuna wake. M'zaka za m'ma 60 m'zaka zapitazi, Iola anasamukira ku Roma, koma asanachoke, mayiyo anatembenukira kwa Mtumiki wa Culture ndi pempho kuti apange nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale m'nyumba mwawo polemekeza mwamuna wake wakale.
Zosangalatsa za woyimbayo
- Ali mwana, anachotsedwa sukulu chifukwa chopsompsona mtsikana.
- Anafunafuna malo a mkazi wake woyamba kwa nthawi yaitali. Iye anasiya atayimba pa rehearsal wa opera "Eugene Onegin": "Onegin, ndikulumbirira lupanga, Ndine wamisala m'chikondi ndi Tornagi!" Zitatha izi, mkazi woyamba adaganiza zobwezera chibwenzi chake.
- Mphekesera zimati iye sanamwalire ndi khansa, koma "manja" a akuluakulu a Soviet.
- Anathandizira kuyendera anthu aku Russia omwe adasankha Paris moyo wawo wonse.
- Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 30, iye anafalitsa buku lakuti Mask and Soul. M'menemo, woimbayo analankhula mwaukali ponena za ulamuliro wa Soviet Union.
Imfa ya wojambula Fyodor Chaliapin
Cha m'ma 30s, anapita paulendo wake womaliza ku Far East. Wachita makonsati oposa 50. Woimbayo atabwerera ku France, sanamve bwino.
Iye sanazengereze kupita kwa dokotala. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30, adapatsidwa matenda osasangalatsa - "khansa yamagazi". Madokotala amanena kuti Chaliapin watsala ndi chaka chimodzi kuti akhale ndi moyo.
Woimbayo anamwalira mu 1938 m'nyumba yake, yomwe inali ku Paris. Phulusa lake linaikidwa m'manda ku France, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma 80s m'zaka zapitazi, mwanayo anaumirira kuyika phulusa la abambo ake kumanda a Novodevichy ku likulu la Russia.
