Gustav Mahler ndi wopeka, woimba opera, wochititsa. Pa moyo wake, iye anatha kukhala mmodzi wa okonda luso kwambiri pa dziko. Iye anali woimira otchedwa "post-Wagner asanu". Luso la Mahler monga wolemba nyimbo linadziwika pambuyo pa imfa ya maestro.
Cholowa cha Mahler sicholemera, ndipo chimakhala ndi nyimbo ndi ma symphonies. Ngakhale izi, Gustav Mahler lero ali m'gulu la oimba kwambiri mu dziko. Otsogolera mafilimu sanyalanyaza ntchito ya maestro. Ntchito zake zikhoza kumveka m'mafilimu amakono ndi mndandanda.
Ntchito ya Gustav ndi mlatho womwe umagwirizanitsa chikondi cha m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi zamakono za m'ma XNUMX. Ntchito za maestro zidalimbikitsa aluso a Benjamin Britten ndi Dmitri Shostakovich.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Mbuyeyo akuchokera ku Bohemia. Iye anabadwa mu 1860. Gustav anakulira m’banja lachiyuda. Makolo analera ana 8. Banjali linkakhala m’mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri. Makolo analibe chochita ndi luso.
Gustav anali wosiyana pang'ono ndi ana a msinkhu wake. Anali mwana wotsekedwa. Pamene anali ndi zaka 4, banja lake anasamukira ku tauni ya Jihlava (kum'mawa kwa Czech Republic). Mumzindawu munali anthu a ku Germany. Apa anayamba kumveka phokoso la bandi ya brass. Makolowo anazindikira kuti mwana wawoyo anali ndi khutu labwino ataimbanso nyimbo imene anaimva kunyumbako.
Posakhalitsa anaphunzira kuimba piyano. Makolowo atazindikira kuti Gustav akhoza kuthyola anthu, anamulemba ntchito mphunzitsi wa nyimbo. Ali ndi zaka khumi, adalemba ntchito yake yoyamba. Ndiye iye woyamba anachita pa siteji yaikulu: anaitanidwa kutenga nawo mbali mu mzinda chikondwerero chochitika.
Mu 1874, anayamba kulankhula za iye monga wopeka wodalirika kwambiri. Gustav, amene anachita chidwi ndi imfa ya mchimwene wake, anapeka opera. Kalanga, malembo apamanjawo sanapulumuke.
Anaphunzira ku gymnasium. Mu bungwe la maphunziro Mahler anaphunzira nyimbo ndi mabuku okha, popeza palibe chinanso chidwi iye. Panthawiyo, bambo ake a mnyamatayo anasiya kumuona ngati woimba komanso wopeka nyimbo. Iye ankafuna kuti asinthe n’kuyamba ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mtsogoleri wa banja anayesa kusamutsira mwana wake ku Prague gymnasium, koma iye anayesetsa.
Kenako bambowo anachita zinthu molimba mtima. Potsutsana ndi chifuniro cha Gustav, adapita naye ku Vienna. Mtsogoleri wa banja adapereka mwana wake pansi pa chisamaliro cha Julius Epstein. Adawonanso luso lapamwamba la Mahler. Julius analangiza Gustav kulowa Vienna Conservatory. Mnyamatayo adaphunzira pansi pa Epstein m'kalasi ya piyano.
The kulenga njira wa kupeka Gustav Mahler
Mahler analemba mu imodzi mwa makalata ake kwa bwenzi lake kuti Vienna wakhala dziko lake lachiwiri. Apa anatha kuwulula luso lake la kulenga. Mu 1881 adachita nawo mpikisano wapachaka wa Beethoven. Pa siteji, mbuye anapereka nyimbo "Chisomo Song" kwa anthu wovuta. Iye ankayembekezera kuti iyeyo ndi amene adzapambane. Zomwe zidakhumudwitsa maestro pomwe chigonjetso chidapita kwa Robert Fuchs.
Mosiyana ndi anthu ambiri opanga, kulephera sikunamulimbikitse Gustav kuchitapo kanthu. Anakwiya kwambiri ndipo mpaka anasiya kulemba ntchito zanyimbo kwa kanthawi. Woimbayo sanayambe kumaliza opera-nkhani "Ryubetsal".
Anatenga malo a kondakitala mu imodzi mwa malo ochitira masewero ku Ljubljana. Posakhalitsa Gustav adalandira chinkhoswe ku Olmutz. Anakakamizika kuteteza mfundo za Wagnerian za utsogoleri wa orchestra. Komanso, ntchito yake anapitiriza ku Karl-Theatre. M’bwalo la zisudzo, anatenga udindo wa woimba kwaya.
Mu 1883, maestro adakhala wotsogolera wachiwiri wa Royal Theatre. Anakhala ndi udindo umenewu kwa zaka zingapo. Kenako mnyamatayo adakondana ndi woimba wina dzina lake Johanna Richter. Pansi pa malingaliro a mkazi, adalemba kuzungulira "Nyimbo za Wophunzira Woyendayenda." Otsutsa nyimbo amaphatikizapo ntchito zoperekedwa pamndandanda wa ntchito zachikondi kwambiri za mbuye.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80, ubale pakati pa Gustav ndi oyang'anira zisudzo unasokonekera. Chifukwa cha mikangano yokhazikika, adakakamizika kusiya ntchito. Anasamukira ku Prague. Anthu okonda nyimbo zachikale analandira mwachikondi Mahler waluso. Apa anayamba kudziona ngati wochititsa chidwi komanso wopeka nyimbo. Anasiyana kwambiri ndi anthu akumeneko. Mgwirizano womwe unatsirizidwa ndi New Theatre ya Leipzig kwa nyengo ya 1886/1887 inamukakamiza kuchoka ku Prague.
Wolemba kutchuka pachimake
Pambuyo pa chiwonetsero cha opera "Three Pintos", katswiriyu adatchuka kwambiri. Mahler anamaliza opera ndi Carl Weber. Ntchitoyo inakhala yopambana kwambiri kotero kuti masewerowa adapambana pazigawo zolemekezeka kwambiri za zisudzo ku Germany.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80, Gustav adakumana ndi malingaliro osangalatsa kwambiri. Anayamba kukumana ndi mavuto pagulu. Mkhalidwe wamalingaliro wa maestro unasiya kukhala wofunika. Anaganiza kuti imeneyi inali nthawi yabwino kwambiri yopangira nyimbo. Mu 1888, filimu yoyamba ya Symphony inachitika. Masiku ano ndi imodzi mwa nyimbo zodziwika kwambiri za Gustav.
Anakhala nyengo za 2 akugwira ntchito ku Leipzig, kenako adachoka mumzindawu. Sanafune kuchoka ku Leipzig mpaka kumapeto. Koma chifukwa cha mikangano nthawi zonse ndi wothandizira wotsogolera, anakakamizika kuchoka mumzindawo. Mahler anakhazikika ku Budapest.
Kupambana mu ntchito Gustav Mahler
Analandiridwa ndi manja awiri pamalo ake atsopano. Iye anatsogolera Royal Opera. Gustav adalandira malipiro abwino kwambiri malinga ndi miyezo imeneyo. Komabe, sitinganene kuti anakhala ndi moyo wolemera. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mutu wa banja ndi amayi, adakakamizika kupezera ndalama zothandizira mlongo wake ndi mchimwene wake.
Asanalowe mu Royal Opera, bwalo lamasewera linali loyipa kwambiri. Gustav anakwanitsa kusintha opera kukhala malo ochitira masewero adziko lonse. Anathetsa oimba oimba ndipo anayambitsa gulu lake loimba. The zisudzo anayamba siteji masewero a Mozart ndi Wagner. Posakhalitsa, gulu lake anaonekera woimba Lilly Leman, amene anapeza udindo wa woimba bwino mu bwalo kulenga. Anali wotchuka chifukwa cha mawu ake apadera a soprano.
Patapita zaka zingapo, katswiriyu anaitanidwa ku Hamburg. Gustav anaitanidwa ku gawo lachitatu lofunika kwambiri la zisudzo mdziko muno. Mu malo atsopano, Mahler anatenga udindo wa wotsogolera ndi bandmaster. Sanaganizirepo mwayi wokagwira ntchito m’bwalo lotchuka la zisudzo. Panali zifukwa zochitira zimenezi. Royal Opera ili ndi mtsogoleri watsopano wa Zichy. Iye sanafune kuona Gustav pa mutu wa zisudzo, chifukwa wolemba anali German ndi dziko.
"Eugene Onegin" - opera woyamba Gustav anachita pa siteji ya zisudzo Hamburg. Mahler anali wopenga za ntchito Russian wopeka Tchaikovsky, kotero iye anapereka zake zonse kuti kuyamba wa opera anakhudza bwino omvera. Tchaikovsky anafika ku bwalo la zisudzo kuti atenge kaimidwe ka kondakitala. Ataona Mahler ali kuntchito, adaganiza zokhala pampando. Pambuyo pake, Piotr adzatcha Gustav katswiri weniweni.
Ku Hamburg, wolemba nyimboyo amasindikiza buku lakuti The Boy's Magic Horn, kutengera buku lodziwika bwino la ndakatulo la olemba ndakatulo a bwalo la Heidelberg. Ntchitoyi idayamikiridwa osati ndi mafani okha, komanso ndi otsutsa.
Udindo watsopano
Kupambana kwa ntchito ya Mahler ku Hamburg kudawonedwa ngakhale ku Vienna. Boma linkafuna kuti liwone akatswiriwa m’dziko lawo. Mu 1897, Gustav anabatizidwa m’Chikatolika. M'chaka chomwecho anasaina pangano ndi Court Opera. Analandira udindo wa kondakitala wachitatu.
Patapita nthawi, Gustav anakwanitsa kutenga udindo wa mkulu wa Opera Court. Kutchuka kwa maestro ku Vienna kudakula kwambiri. Pakuyenda bwino, adapereka Fifth Symphony kwa mafani a ntchito yake. Ntchito imeneyi inagawa anthu m’magulu aŵiri. Ena adayamika Gustav chifukwa chaukadaulo, pomwe ena adamudzudzula Mahler poyera kuti ndi wamwano komanso kukoma koyipa. Koma maestro mwiniyo sanali ndi chidwi ndi maganizo a anthu a m'nthawi yake. Anatulutsa Nyimbo za Sixth, Seventh ndi Eighth Symphonies.
Komanso, Gustav anakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano mu zisudzo. Sikuti aliyense ankakonda malamulo atsopano a Mahler, koma omwe ankafuna kuti azigwira ntchito ku Opera ya khoti anakakamizika kuvomereza. Ndipo ngati kale anthu, atalowa m'bwalo la zisudzo, anamva kunyumba, ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Gustav chiletso kulowa zisudzo pamene afuna anayamba mphamvu.
Anapereka zaka zoposa 10 za moyo wake ku zisudzo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, Gustav adamva kuti ali ndi vuto lamphamvu, lomwe lidayamba chifukwa cha kupsinjika kosalekeza komanso ndandanda yolemetsa yantchito. Anakakamizika kusiya ntchito yake.
Oyang'anira zisudzo adasankha maestro penshoni ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi - Mahler sayeneranso kugwira ntchito mumasewera aliwonse aku Austrian. Anasaina pangano, koma ataona malipiro ake, anakhumudwa. Iye anazindikira kuti akadali ntchito, koma osati mu zisudzo Austria.
Posakhalitsa anapita kukagwira ntchito ku Metropolitan Opera (New York). Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuyamba koyamba kwa ntchito "Nyimbo ya Dziko Lapansi" ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Symphony. Panthawi imeneyi, ntchito yake inakhudzidwa ndi ntchito za olemba monga Nietzsche, Schopenhauer ndi Dostoyevsky.
Tsatanetsatane wa moyo wa wolemba Gustav Mahler
Inde, maestro anali otchuka ndi akazi. Chikondi sichinangomulimbikitsa, komanso chinamubweretsera chisoni. Mu 1902, Gustav anatenga mtsikana wotchedwa Alma Schindler monga mkazi wake wovomerezeka. Monga momwe zinakhalira, iye ndi zaka 19 wamng'ono kuposa mwamuna wake. Mahler adamufunsira pa tsiku la 4. Alama anaberekera mwamuna wake mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi.
Moyo wabanja wa banjali unali ngati idyll. Anagwirizana bwino. Mkazi anachirikiza zoyesayesa za Gustav. Koma posakhalitsa panyumba pawo panagwa tsoka. Mwana wanga wamkazi anamwalira ali ndi zaka 4. Malingana ndi zochitika za zochitika, thanzi la woimbayo linagwedezeka kwambiri. Madokotala ananena kuti anali ndi vuto lalikulu la mtima. Kenako anapeka buku lakuti "Nyimbo za ana akufa."
Moyo wabanja wasokonezeka. Alma, yemwe anakumana ndi chimodzi mwa zotayika zazikulu kwambiri m'moyo wake, mwadzidzidzi anazindikira kuti anali atayiwalatu za luso la unyamata wake. Mkazi kusungunuka mwamuna wake ndipo kwathunthu anasiya kukhala. Asanakumane ndi Gustav, anali wojambula wofunidwa.
Posakhalitsa Mahler anazindikira kuti mkazi wake anali wosakhulupirika kwa iye. Anali ndi chibwenzi ndi katswiri wina wa zomangamanga. Ngakhale zinali choncho, banjali silinasiyane. Iwo anapitiriza kukhala pansi pa denga lomwelo mpaka imfa ya maestro.
Mfundo zosangalatsa za wolemba
- Anakula ngati mwana wotsekedwa. Tsiku lina bambo ake anamusiya kutchire kwa maola angapo. Pamene mkulu wa banjalo anabwerera kumalo omwewo, anaona kuti mwanayo sanasinthe n’komwe udindo wake.
- Alma Mahler, pambuyo pa imfa ya mwamuna wake, anakwatiwa kawiri - kwa katswiri wa zomangamanga V. Gropius ndi wolemba F. Werfel.
- Anali wachiŵiri mwa ana 14, ndipo asanu ndi mmodzi okha mwa iwo anali oti adzakula.
- Mahler ankakonda maulendo ataliatali komanso kusambira m’madzi oundana.
- Wolemba nyimboyo anavutika ndi kupsinjika maganizo, kukayikira ndiponso kutengeka maganizo ndi imfa.
- Beyoncé ndi wachibale wakutali wa mbuye. Nyenyezi yaku America imanyadira kwambiri za ubale.
- Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 3 imatha mphindi 95. Ichi ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono kwambiri muzolemba za wolemba.
Imfa ya Gustav Mahler
M’zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, wolemba nyimboyo anadwala mosapita m’mbali. Anagwira ntchito molimbika ndipo anakumana ndi zovuta zingapo zomwe zinakhudza mkhalidwe wake wamba. Mu 1910, zinthu zinakula kwambiri.
Anadwala matenda otupa tonsillitis. Ngakhale zinali choncho, anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito mwakhama. Patatha chaka chimodzi, adayimilira ku console, akusewera pulogalamu yomwe inali ndi nyimbo za anthu otchuka a ku Italy.
Posakhalitsa panabuka tsoka. Anatenga matenda opatsirana omwe anayambitsa matenda a endocarditis. Vutoli linawononga moyo wa wolemba nyimboyo. Anamwalira ku chipatala cha Vienna mu 1911.
Mwambo wotsazikana nawo unapezeka ndi mazana a mafani, otsutsa olemekezeka ndi ojambula olemekezeka. Anaikidwa m’manda pafupi ndi mwana wake wamkazi, yemwe anamwalira ali wakhanda. Thupi la Gustav likupuma kumanda a Grinzing.
Otsatira omwe akufuna kuwerenga mbiri ya Mahler amatha kuwona biopic ya director Ken Russell. Robert Powell - adafotokoza momveka bwino makhalidwe omwe anali amtundu wa maestro.
