Billie Holiday ndi woimba wotchuka wa jazi ndi blues. Kukongola kwaluso kunawonekera pa siteji ndi hairpin ya maluwa oyera.
Maonekedwe awa akhala mbali yaumwini ya woimbayo. Kuyambira masekondi oyambirira a sewerolo, adakopa omvera ndi mawu ake amatsenga.
Ubwana ndi unyamata wa Eleanor Fagan
Billie Holiday anabadwa pa April 7, 1915 ku Baltimore. Dzina lenileni la munthu wotchuka ndi Eleanor Fagan. Mtsikanayo anakula opanda bambo. Zoona zake n’zakuti makolo ake anakumana ali wamng’ono kwambiri.
Pafupifupi mwana wawo wamkazi atabadwa, banjali linatha. Makolo a mtsikanayo anali Sadie Fagan ndi Clarence Holiday.
Sadie wazaka 13 ankagwira ntchito m’nyumba ya anthu olemera ngati wantchito. Atadziwa kuti mtsikanayo ali ndi pakati, anamutulutsa pakhomo. Kuti abereke bwino, Sadie adapeza ntchito kuchipatala komwe amatsuka pansi ndikutsuka.
Pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa Eleanor, Sadie adasankha kuchoka ku Baltimore ndikupita ku New York. Chifukwa chakusamukako ndi kukakamizidwa kwa makolo a Sadie, adamuphunzitsa, amamuwona ngati wotayika ndipo adamuwonetsera moyo wovuta wa mayi wosakwatiwa.
Clarence Holiday, pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa Eleanor, sanade nkhawa ngakhale kuyang'ana mwana wakhanda. Komanso anamupatsa dzina lomaliza.
Eleanor sankadziwa kutentha kwa amayi. Sadie, yemwe anali adakali mwana, anamusiya m’manja mwa achibale amene ankachitira nkhanza mtsikanayo. Ndipo agogo ake aakazi okha analibe mzimu mwa iye.
Mtsikanayo ankakonda agogo ake aakazi. Anagona pabedi limodzi chifukwa cha zinthu zoopsa. Izi sizinamude nkhawa kwambiri Eleanor, chifukwa m'manja mwa agogo ake anali wodekha.
Usiku wina agogo anga anamwalira. Kwa Nora wamng'ono, izi zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri. Anakafikira kuchipatala cha anthu amisala.
Ubwana wa nyenyezi yam'tsogolo sungathe kutchedwa wokondwa - nthawi zambiri ankalangidwa popanda chifukwa, sankamvetsetsa kunyumba, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Eleanor ayambe kuthawa kwawo. Iye analeredwa ndi msewu.
Chifukwa chodumpha sukulu ndi kuyendayenda, mtsikanayo adakhala m'ndende. Oweruzawo anapereka chigamulo chawo. Mtsikanayo anayenera kumasulidwa ali ndi zaka 21.
Kumeneko, mtsikanayo sanamenyedwe, koma ankakumbukira mobwerezabwereza kuti anali ndi makhalidwe oipa.
Kuvulala kwamaganizidwe kwa woimba Billie Holiday
Nthawi ina, m'malo owongolera, Eleanor adatsekeredwa usiku m'chipinda chimodzi ndi munthu wakufa. Tsiku lotsatira, amayi ake a Nora anabwera kudzacheza. Mtsikanayo ananena kuti sakanatha kupiriranso usiku wina wotero, ndipo anawopseza kuti adzipha.
Amayi adalemba ganyu loya yemwe adathandizira kutulutsa Eleanor m'ndendemo. Monga chisonyezero choyamikira, iye anathandiza amayi ake kupeza ndalama. Mtsikanayo anatsuka pansi ndi masitepe kwa masenti ochepa.
Ena mwa mabwana ake anali mwini wake wa kampani ina ya anthu akuluakulu. Kumalo amenewa kunali pamene Nora anayamba kumva nyimbo zokongola ndipo anayamba kuzikonda. Phokoso lamatsenga la nyimbo za blues zochitidwa ndi Louis Armstrong ndi Bessie Smith.
Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, nyimbo imeneyi inachititsa chidwi mtsikanayo moti anapempha mwiniwakeyo kuti atsegule nyimbozo nthawi zonse. Pobwezera, Nora anali wokonzeka kukolopa pansi kwaulere.
Panthawi yomweyi, Eleanor adaphunzira kuzembera mwakachetechete mu kanema, komwe mafilimu adawonetsedwa ndi Billy Dove. Wojambulayo adachita chidwi ndi Nora pang'ono mpaka adaganiza zokhala ndi dzina loti Billy.
Moyo wabata wa Eleanor sunakhalitse. Anaukiridwa ndi bambo wina wazaka 40 yemwe anayesa kugwiririra mtsikanayo. Apolisi adayankha pakapita nthawi.
Wogwirirayo adatumizidwa kundende zaka 5. Nora nayenso sanasiyidwe popanda chilango - adakhalanso m'gulu la zaka 2. Woweruzayo anaona kuti ndi mtsikana amene anautsa wogwiririrayo kuti aukire.
Billie Holiday akusamukira ku New York
Nora atachoka pamakoma a koloni, adapanga chisankho chovuta koma cholondola. Mtsikanayo anasamukira ku New York.
Amayi a Eleanor ankagwira ntchito ngati nanny mumzinda. Mtsikanayo anachita lendi nyumba ina.
Panalibe chokhalira ndi moyo. Nora sanapeze ntchito. Iye anapempha thandizo kwa mwininyumbayo. Komabe, pakati pa malingaliro, panali malo okha mu imodzi mwa mafakitale akale kwambiri ogwira ntchito.
Eleanor analibe zosankha zambiri. Patapita miyezi ingapo, Nora anamangidwanso. Mtsikanayo anapita kundende kwa miyezi inayi.
Patatha miyezi inayi, Eleanor anatulutsidwa m’ndende ndipo anapeza mayi ake akudwala mwakayakaya. Ndalama zonse zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa zinapita kuchipatala. Nora analibe ndalama osati ya lendi yokha, komanso ngakhale chidutswa cha mkate.
Mtsikanayo anali kufunafuna ntchito mwakhama. Tsiku lina anapita ku bar ina ya kumeneko n’kukafunsa mwini wake wa malowo ngati ankamugwirira ntchito.
Anati akufunika wovina. Nora ananama kuti wakhala akuvina kwa nthawi yaitali. Pamene mkuluyo anapempha kuti asonyeze nambala yovina, nthawi yomweyo anazindikira kuti Nora akunama.
Kenako anafunsa mtsikanayo ngati angathe kuimba? Eleanor anaimba kuti mwiniwakeyo nthawi yomweyo anamutengera kuntchito, komanso anapereka madola angapo ngati malipiro ochepa. Kwenikweni, nkhani ya Billie Holiday yotchuka idayamba ndi izi.
Nora anali ndi zaka 14 zokha pamene analembedwa ntchito. Zaka sizidavutike ngakhale mwini malowo kapena omvera othokoza. Zisudzo zoyamba za talente yachichepere zidachitikira m'makalabu ausiku, mipiringidzo, malo odyera ndi malo odyera.
Billie Holiday amakumana ndi wopanga John Hammond
Mu 1933, Billie Hodiley anakumana ndi John Hammond, yemwe ankafunitsitsa kupanga. Mnyamatayo anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kachitidwe ka mtsikanayo moti analemba nkhani yonena za mtsikanayo m’magazini yakumaloko.
Posakhalitsa okonda nyimbo adadziwa za woimbayo waluso, zomwe zidapangitsa chidwi chenicheni cha Billie Holiday Holiday.
John adapereka chithandizo kwa woimbayo, ndipo adavomera. Posakhalitsa anamubweretsa pamodzi ndi "mfumu ya swing" - Benny Goodmanov. Kale mu 1933, ojambulawo adatulutsa nyimbo zingapo zodzaza.
Imodzi mwa nyimbozo inakhala yotchuka nthawi yomweyo. Munthawi yomweyi, Billie Holiday adalemba nyimbo zosangalatsa ndi oimba ena omwe adangoyamba kumene.
Mu 1935, John anapitiriza “kukweza” wadi. Anakonza zoti woimbayo alembe mu studio ndi Teddy Wilson ndi Lester Young.
Posakhalitsa, chifukwa cha zolemba izi, zomwe poyamba zinakonzedwa kuti zigulitse mu jukeboxes, woimbayo adapeza "gawo" loyamba la kutchuka.
Mavoti a Billy adakwera kwambiri. Pali zonena! Duke Ellington mwiniwake adakokera chidwi cha nyenyezi yomwe ikukwera, ndikumuyitana kuti achite nawo filimu yayifupi ya Symphony in Black.
Billie Holiday First Tour
Billie Holiday anapita paulendo wake woyamba. Poyamba, woimbayo anayenda ndi magulu a D. Lunsford ndi F. Henderson, ndiyeno ndi gulu lalikulu la Count Basie mwiniwake, mosasamala kukhala mpikisano wa bwenzi lake lamtsogolo Ella Fitzgerald.
Billy anathandizana ndi Basie mwachidule. Kusagwirizana kunayamba kuchokera ku zisudzo zoyambirira. Chifukwa chake ndi chosavuta - Tchuthi chinali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa nyimbo ndi machitidwe ambiri. Posakhalitsa woimbayo anakhala soloist wa oimba, motsogoleredwa ndi Artie Shaw.
Billie Holiday poyamba ankachitiridwa chidwi kwambiri ndi gulu la oimba. Pambuyo pake, woimbayo anakumana ndi kunyozedwa koyamba ndi kunyozedwa.
Mikangano inayamba kuchitika chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu. Kamodzi gulu linachita mu United States of America. Artie Shaw adaletsa Billy pa siteji. Anzake ataimba, anabisala m’basi.
Posakhalitsa woimbayo anali ndi mwayi wokumana ndi Barney Josephson. Barney adachita zinthu zowopsa - anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kutsegula cafe momwe omvera onse adasonkhana.
Billie Holiday adayamba kuchita pa siteji ya bungwe. Iye anayesa kufalitsa nyimbo zake, ndipo anapambana.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, osati okonda nyimbo wamba, komanso ojambula, oimba otchuka ndi ochita masewero anasonkhana mu bungweli. Posakhalitsa Billie Holiday adadziwika m'magulu abwino.
Woimbayo anapitiriza ntchito yake repertoire. Nyimbo yotchuka kwambiri ya nthawi imeneyo inali nyimbo ya "Strange Fruits". Masiku ano, ambiri amatcha nyimboyi kukhala chizindikiro cha Holiday ya Billie.
Pachimake pa Ntchito Zanyimbo za Billie Holiday
Chiwopsezo cha kutchuka kwa Billie Holiday chinafika m'ma 1940. Nyimbo zoimbidwa ndi woyimbayo zidamveka m'malesitilanti, malo odyera, mabala, mawayilesi komanso zida zoimbira.
Woimbayo adagwirizana ndi malo ojambulira otchuka monga Columbia, Brunswick, Decca.
Woyamba payekha konsati woimba unachitika mu 1944 pa dera la Metropolitan Opera, ndipo mu 1947 - mu konsati holo "Town Hall", mu 1948 Billie Tchuthi anali ulemu kuchita pa siteji ya otchuka konsati holo "Carnegie". Hall".
Ngakhale kutchuka ndi ulemu kwa mafani mamiliyoni ambiri, Billie Holiday anali wosakondwa. Mobwerezabwereza, iye analephera m’banja. Sewero laumwini linamulimbikitsa kumwa mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Tchuthi cha Billie: Amayi Ataya...
Posakhalitsa munthu wapamtima Billie Holiday anamwalira - amayi ake. Woimbayo adakhumudwa kwambiri ndi kutayika kwake. Sanavomereze kuti amayi ake sadzakhalanso naye.
Chisoni chinafooketsa thanzi la maganizo la woimbayo. Anachiritsa misempha yake pomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Billy anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndipo ziribe kanthu momwe adayesera "kudumpha", sizinamuthandize.
Billy posakhalitsa anapita ku chipatala chapayekha kuti akamuthandize. Ndili m'chipatala, vuto lina linachitika - Tchuthi chinabwera pansi pa mfuti ya apolisi, omwe ankayang'ana woimbayo kwa nthawi yaitali.
Pofufuza, anapeza mankhwala oletsedwa kwa Billy. Anakhala m’ndende kwa miyezi ingapo.
Atamasulidwa, chodabwitsa china chinamuyembekezera - kuyambira tsopano analibe ufulu wochita m'malo omwe amagulitsidwa mowa. Pansi pa chiletsocho panali mabungwe onse omwe amapeza ndalama zokhazikika.
Zopanga Billie Holiday
Billie Holiday wathandizira kwambiri pakupanga nyimbo za jazi. Woyimbayo adakwanitsa kupanga zaluso zenizeni kuchokera ku nyimbo zosavuta komanso zosadabwitsa.
Pakuimba kwa nyimbozo, Billy adagawana mphamvu zamphamvu kwambiri ndi omvera. Sanakhalebe "woyimba wopanda kanthu". Adagawana zakukhosi kwake ndi mafani.
Mzere wanyimbo wa nyimbo za Billie Holiday unakhalabe wopepuka ndipo sunamvere kugunda kwamphamvu kwa kugunda. Ufulu umenewu unapangitsa kuti woimbayo apange komanso "osapinidwa." Pa siteji, iye sali kanthu koma "kukwera".
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, Billie Holiday analibe luso lotha kuyimba komanso mawu ofunikira.
Mfundo yonse inali yoti woyimbayo adafotokoza zochitika zake zaumwini, nthawi zina zochititsa chidwi m'mayendedwe ake. Izi zinamupangitsa kuti akhale mmodzi mwa oimba otchuka kwambiri komanso odziwika bwino a jazi azaka zapitazi.
Pa ntchito yake yolenga, Billie Holiday wagwira ntchito limodzi ndi ma studio khumi ndi awiri otchuka. Woimba wa jazi adakwanitsa kusiya nyimbo 187. Nyimbo zambiri zinakhala zotchuka kwambiri.
Nyimbo zabwino kwambiri za Billy
- Lover Man ndi nyimbo yanyimbo koma yochititsa chidwi. Nyimboyi inalembedwa mu 1944. Mu 1989, nyimboyi idalowetsedwa mu Grammy Hall of Fame.
- Billy analemba nyimbo yakuti Mulungu Dalitsani Mwana mu 1941. Munyimbo iyi, adagawana zomwe adakumana nazo komanso momwe akumvera ndi omvera. Woimbayo adalemba nyimboyi atakangana ndi amayi ake.
- Riffin' the Scotch idatulutsidwa mu 1933 ndi gulu lotsogozedwa ndi Benny Goodman. Nyimboyi nthawi yomweyo idagunda, chifukwa chomwe woimbayo adapeza kutchuka kwake koyamba.
- Holiday inajambulidwa Crazy He Calls Me mu 1949. Masiku ano nyimboyi ili m'gulu la jazi.
Nyimbo zoimbira "Strange Fruits" zimafunikira chidwi kwambiri. Billie Holiday anachitiridwa zinthu zopanda chilungamo chifukwa cha fuko. Ngakhale monga woimba wotchuka, ankaona kuti anthu amamukakamiza.
Billy anagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kutchuka kwake kusonyeza kuti nkhani ya tsankho ndi yofunika osati yongopeka ndi anthu.
Billie Holiday anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi ndakatulo ya Abel Miropol. Pambuyo powerenga ndakatulo "Strange Fruits", woimbayo adatulutsa nyimbo.
Mu nyimbo "Strange Fruits" woimbayo anayesa kufotokoza kwa omvera za tsoka la African American. Pa mlandu uliwonse ankalangidwa koopsa.
Pamene Billy anatembenukira ku makampani ojambulira kumene adalembapo kale nyimbo zothandizira, iwo, atadziwa bwino za "Strange Fruits", anakana kulemba nyimboyi.
Zotsatira zake, Billy adalembabe nyimboyi, koma pa studio yojambulira "mobisa".
Moyo wa Billie Holiday
Moyo wa Billie Holiday wakula moyipa kwambiri. Mkazi wokongola nthawi zonse amakhala ndi chidwi ndi njonda zosayenerera kwambiri.
Mwamuna woyamba wa Billy anali mtsogoleri wa kalabu yausiku ya Harlem, Jimmy Monroe. Mwamunayo "anapitirizabe pang'ono leash" Tchuthi. Posakhalitsa anasudzulana, koma ukwatiwo unakhala wakupha m’moyo wa Billy. Mwamunayo "anam'kola" mkaziyo mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Mwamuna wachiwiri wa Billie Holiday anali Joe Guy. Ndipo ngati mwamuna wam'mbuyomu adakankhira woimbayo kuti achepetse mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndiye kuti Joe Guy adawoloka mzerewu. Posakhalitsa banjali linatha.
John Levy ndi wachitatu wokonda kwambiri Billie Holiday. Atakumana naye, mkaziyo anaganiza kuti wapeza chimwemwe chake. Levy anali mwini wake wa Ebony Club yotchuka.
Anali komweko pamene woimbayo adatulutsidwa m'ndende chifukwa chokhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Komanso, iye anakwanitsa kuyambiranso ntchito yake konsati.
Levi anapereka mphatso zake zodula. Anathera nthawi yambiri ali limodzi. Maubwenzi amenewa angatchedwe abwino. Koma posakhalitsa chiyambi choipa cha Levi chinayamba kuonekera. Anakweza dzanja lake kwa mkazi wake ndi kumuwononga makhalidwe ake.
Chifukwa chake, zinapezeka kuti Levi anali pimp. Koma pachimake chinafika pamene adapatsa apolisi chidziwitso pa Holiday ya Billie. Uwu unali udzu womaliza. Mayiyo anathawa panyumba n’kukapereka chisudzulo.
Mwamuna wachinayi ndi wotsiriza wa woimba wotchuka anali Louis McKay. Ukwati umenewu sunalinso wopambana. Ndipo panalibe chikondi chachikulu. Louis adamenya Holiday ndikumuledzeretsa.
Pambuyo pa ulendo wa Billie Holiday ku Ulaya kunakhala "kulephera", mwamunayo anangothawa mkazi wake. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, adabwera kudzatenga peresenti ya zolemba zomwe zidagulitsidwa.
Zosangalatsa za Billie Holiday
- Maluwa omwe woimbayo ankakonda kwambiri anali gardenia. Ambiri amatcha Billie Holiday "Lady Gardenia".
- Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake yolenga, woimbayo adalandira ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pa konsati mu kalabu usiku Billy analandira $ 35.
- Makampani ojambulira pama Albums okhala ndi nyimbo za Billie Holiday adapeza mamiliyoni. Mayi wina yemwe amagulitsa diski yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri adalandira $ 75.
- Mnzake wapamtima wa woimbayo anali Lester Young, katswiri wa saxophonist.
- Billie Holiday ankakonda agalu. Uku kunali kufooka kwake. Woimbayo nthawi zosiyanasiyana ankakhala ndi agalu amitundu yosiyanasiyana: poodle, chihuahua, Great Dane, beagle, terrier, ngakhale mongrel.
Mavuto ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa. Imfa ya Billie Holiday
M’zaka za m’ma 1950, okonda nyimbo ndi mafani a Billie Holiday anayamba kuona kuti mawu ake sanalinso okongola.
Mavuto ndi kuledzera kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa zinachititsa kuti woimba wotchuka anayamba kukhala ndi matenda aakulu amene anawonjezera luso lake mawu.
Ngakhale izi, iye anapitiriza kuchita pa siteji ndi kulemba nyimbo zatsopano. Posakhalitsa adasaina pangano ndi Norman Grantz - mwiniwake wa zolemba zingapo zodziwika bwino.
Panthawi imeneyi, Billie Holiday anali pamwamba pa nyimbo za Olympus. Izi zidatsatiridwa ndi ulendo wopambana waku Europe komanso kutulutsidwa kwa buku lake lomwe.
Mu 1958, Billie Holiday adakulitsa discography yake ndi chimbale chake chomaliza, Lady in Satin. Kenako anatenganso ulendo wopita ku Ulaya. Ulendowu unakhala "wolephera", woimbayo adabwerera kwawo.
Mu May 1959, woimbayo anachita konsati yake yomaliza. Kumapeto kwa Meyi chaka chimenecho, Billie Holiday adatengedwa pa ambulansi. Woimbayo anamwalira pa July 17, 1959. Madokotala ananena kuti wafa chifukwa chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Woimbayo anali ndi zaka 44 zokha.
Ntchito yake ikulemekezedwabe mpaka lero. Billie Holiday amatchedwa "Queen of Jazz and Blues". Nyimbo za woimbayo ndizothandiza mpaka pano.
