Dmitry Shostakovich - limba, kupeka, mphunzitsi ndi chiwerengero cha anthu. Uyu ndi mmodzi mwa olemba otchuka kwambiri a zaka zapitazo. Anakwanitsa kupeka nyimbo zabwino kwambiri.
Kulenga ndi moyo njira Shostakovich anadzazidwa ndi zochitika zoopsa. Koma zinali chifukwa cha mayesero amene analenga wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich, kukakamiza anthu ena kukhala ndi moyo osataya mtima.
Dmitry Shostakovich: Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Maestro anabadwa mu September 1906. Kuwonjezera Dima wamng'ono, makolo analera ana aakazi awiri. Shostakovich banja ankakonda kwambiri nyimbo. Kunyumba, makolo ndi ana ankakonza zoimbaimba mwachisawawa.
Banjalo linkakhala bwino, ndipo ngakhale bwino. Dmitry adapita ku holo yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso sukulu yotchuka yanyimbo yotchedwa I. A. Glyasser. Woimbayo adaphunzitsa nyimbo za Shostakovich. Koma iye sanali kuphunzitsa zikuchokera, kotero Dima anaphunzira nuances onse kupanga nyimbo yekha.
Shostakovich m'mabuku ake anakumbukira Glasser monga munthu woipa, wotopetsa ndi wonyansa. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi luso la kuphunzitsa, sankadziwa kuchititsa maphunziro a nyimbo ndipo analibe njira yofikira kwa ana. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, wotchedwa Dmitry anasiya sukulu ya nyimbo, ndipo ngakhale kukopa kwa amayi ake sikunamukakamize kusintha maganizo ake.
Muubwana, Maestro anali ndi chochitika china chimene iye anakumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali. Anaona chochitika chowopsya mu 1917. Dima adawona momwe Cossack, akubalalitsira khamu la anthu, adadula kamnyamata pakati. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, chochitika chomvetsa chisonichi chinauzira maestro kuti alembe nyimbo ya "Maliro a March mu Memory of Victims of the Revolution."
Kupeza maphunziro
Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich analowa Petrograd Conservatory. Makolo sanatsutse mwana wawo, koma, m'malo mwake, adamuthandiza. Nditamaliza maphunziro 1, wopeka wamng'ono analemba Scherzo fis-moll.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, banki yake yoimba nyimbo inawonjezeredwa ndi ntchito "Nthano ziwiri za Krylov" ndi "Zovina Atatu Opambana". Posakhalitsa tsoka linabweretsa Maestro pamodzi ndi Boris Vladimirovich Asafiev ndi Vladimir Vladimirovich Shcherbachev. Iwo anali mbali ya Anna Vogt Circle.
Dmitry anali wophunzira wachitsanzo chabwino. Anapita ku Conservatory ngakhale kuti anakumana ndi zopinga zambiri. Dzikoli linkakumana ndi mavuto. Kunali njala ndi umphawi. Pa nthawiyo, ophunzira ambiri ankafa chifukwa cha kutopa. Ngakhale zovuta zonse, Shostakovich anapita ku makoma a Conservatory ndipo anapitiriza kuchita nawo nyimbo mwakhama.
Malinga ndi zolemba za Shostakovich:
“Nyumba yanga inali kutali ndi kosungirako zinthu zakale. Zingakhale zomveka kungotenga tram ndikupita kumeneko. Koma mkhalidwe wanga panthaŵiyo unali wopanda pake kotero kuti ndinalibe mphamvu zoimirira ndi kudikira mayendedwe. Ma tram ankathamanga kawirikawiri. Ndinayenera kudzuka maola angapo m'mbuyomo ndi kungoyenda kupita kusukulu. Chikhumbo chofuna maphunziro chinali chokwera kwambiri kuposa ulesi ndi thanzi labwino ... ".
Zinthu zidakulitsidwa ndi tsoka lina - mutu wabanja adamwalira. Dmitry sanachitire mwina koma kukagwira ntchito yoimba piyano pa kanema wa Light Tape. Iyi ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri m'moyo wa maestro. Ntchitoyi inali yachilendo kwa iye. Kuonjezela apo, analandila kandalama kakang’ono, ndipo anafunika kugwilitsila nchito pafupifupi nthawi na mphamvu zake zonse. Komabe, Shostakovich analibe chochita, popeza anatenga udindo wa mutu wa banja.
Ntchito ya woimba wotchedwa Dmitry Shostakovich
Atagwira ntchito m’bwalo la zisudzo kwa mwezi wathunthu, mnyamatayo anapita kwa mkulu wa dipatimentiyo kuti akamupezere malipiro awo moona mtima. Koma panalinso vuto lina. Wotsogolerayo anayamba kuchita manyazi ndi Dmitry chifukwa chofuna kupeza ndalama. Malinga ndi wotsogolera, Shostakovich, monga munthu wolenga, sayenera kuganiza za ndalama, ntchito yake ndi kulenga osati kutsata zolinga m'munsi. Komabe, maestro adatha kupeza theka la malipiro, adasumira ena onse kukhothi.
Panthawi imeneyi, wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich kale kudziwika mu mabwalo pafupi. Anaitanidwa kusewera madzulo pokumbukira Akim Lvovich. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ulamuliro wake walimbikitsidwa.
Mu 1923 anamaliza maphunziro ake ndi ulemu ku Petrograd Conservatory mu piyano. Ndipo mu 1925 - mu kalasi ya zikuchokera. Monga ntchito yomaliza maphunziro, adapereka Symphony No. 1. Zinali zolemba izi zomwe zinatsegula Shostakovich kwa mafani a nyimbo zachikale. Anapeza kutchuka kwake koyamba.
Dmitry Shostakovich: Creative njira
M'zaka za m'ma 1930, nyimbo ina yabwino kwambiri ya maestro inaperekedwa. Tikukamba za "Lady Macbeth wa chigawo cha Mtsensk." Panthawiyi, anali ndi ma symphonies pafupifupi asanu mu repertoire yake. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, adapereka Jazz Suite kwa anthu.
Sikuti aliyense anachita chidwi ndi ntchito ya wolemba nyimbo wachinyamatayo. Otsutsa ena a Soviet anayamba kukayikira talente ya wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich. Kudzudzula kunakakamiza Shostakovich kuganiziranso malingaliro ake pa ntchito yake. Symphony No. 4 sinaperekedwe kwa anthu pomaliza. Katswiriyu adayimitsa kuwonetsa nyimbo yabwino kwambiri m'ma 1960 azaka zapitazi.
Pambuyo kuzingidwa kwa Leningrad woimba ankaona kuti ambiri mwa ntchito zake anataya. Anayambanso kukonzanso nyimbo zolembedwa. Posakhalitsa, makope a zigawo za Symphony No.
Nkhondoyo inapeza maestro ku Leningrad. Panali m’nthaŵi imeneyi pamene anali kugwira ntchito ina yaumulungu mokangalika. Tikukamba za Symphony No. 7. Anakakamizika kuchoka ku Leningrad, ndipo adatenga chinthu chimodzi chokha - zomwe adazipeza mu symphony. Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi Shostakovich anatenga pamwamba pa nyimbo Olympus. Anakhala woimba wotchuka komanso woimba nyimbo. Ambiri mafani a nyimbo zachikale amadziwa Symphony No. 7 monga "Leningradskaya".
Kupanga zinthu pambuyo pa nkhondo
Nkhondoyo itatha, Dmitry Dmitrievich anatulutsa Symphony No. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pa chochitika ichi, maestro anali mmodzi mwa oimba omwe adagwa mu "mndandanda wakuda". Zolemba za wolembayo, malinga ndi akuluakulu, zinali zachilendo kwa anthu a Soviet. Wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich analandidwa udindo wa pulofesa, umene analandira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 9 m'zaka zapitazi.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, maestro adapereka cantata Song of the Forests. Ntchitoyi inakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za boma la Soviet. Mu zikuchokera wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich anaimba za USSR wokongola ndi akuluakulu, chifukwa zinali zotheka kubwezeretsa zotsatira za nkhondo. Chifukwa cha nyimboyi, maestro adalandira Mphotho ya Stalin. Komanso, akuluakulu ndi otsutsa anayang'ana Shostakovich ndi maso osiyana. Anachotsedwa pamndandanda wakuda.
Mu 1950, wolembayo anachita chidwi ndi ntchito za Bach ndi ntchito za wojambula Leipzig. Ndipo adayamba kupanga ma prelude 24 ndi ma fugues a piyano. Ambiri akuphatikizapo nyimbo mu mndandanda wa ntchito wotchuka Shostakovich.
Atatsala pang'ono kufa, Shostakovich analenga symphonies anayi. Kuphatikiza apo, adalemba ntchito zingapo zamawu ndi ma quartets a chingwe.
Tsatanetsatane wa moyo waumwini
Malinga ndi kukumbukira kwa anthu apamtima, moyo wa Shostakovich sunathe kusintha kwa nthawi yaitali. Chikondi choyamba cha maestro chinali Tatyana Glivenko. Mu 1923 anakumana ndi mtsikana.
Chinali chikondi poyamba paja. Mtsikanayo adabweza Dmitry ndipo amayembekeza kukwatiwa. Shostakovich anali wamng'ono. Ndipo sanayerekeze kufunsa Tanya. Anayesa kuchitapo kanthu patangopita zaka zitatu, koma kunali kuchedwa. Glivenko anakwatiwa ndi mnyamata wina.
Wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich ankada nkhawa kwambiri ndi kukana kwa Tatiana. Koma patapita nthawi anakwatiwa. Nina Vazar anakhala mkazi wake wovomerezeka. Anakhala limodzi kwa zaka 20. Mkaziyo anaberekera mwamunayo ana awiri. Vasar anamwalira mu 1954.
Mu udindo wamasiye Shostakovich sanakhale moyo wautali. Posakhalitsa anakwatira Margarita Kainova. Izi zinali kuphatikiza chilakolako champhamvu ndi moto. Ngakhale kukopa kwakukulu kwa kugonana, okwatiranawo sakanakhoza kukhala m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Posakhalitsa anasankha kusudzulana.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, anakwatira Irina Supinskaya. Iye anali wodzipereka kwa wolemba wotchuka ndipo anali naye mpaka imfa yake.
Mfundo zosangalatsa za wolemba wotchedwa Dmitry Shostakovich
- Kwa moyo wake wonse, wolembayo anali ndi ubale wovuta ndi akuluakulu a Soviet. Anali ndi sutikesi yowopsa yolongedza kuti mwina angabwere kudzamugwira mwadzidzidzi.
- Anavutika ndi zizolowezi zoipa. Mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich amasuta. Komanso, ankakonda kutchova njuga ndipo nthawi zonse ankasewera ndalama.
- Stalin analangiza Shostakovich kulemba nyimbo ya USSR. Koma pamapeto pake, sanakonde nkhaniyo, ndipo anasankha nyimbo ya mlembi wina.
- Wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich anayamikira makolo ake chifukwa cha luso lake. Amayi ankagwira ntchito yoimba piyano, ndipo bambo anali woimba. Shostakovich analemba nyimbo yake yoyamba ali ndi zaka 9.
- Wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich adalowa m'ndandanda wa oimba 40 oimba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, chaka chilichonse pali zisudzo ndi zisudzo zoposa 300 za zisudzo zake.
Dmitry Shostakovich: Zaka Zomaliza za Moyo Wake
Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1960, maestro otchuka adadwala. Madokotala aku Soviet adangogwedeza. Iwo sanathe kutulukira matenda ndipo anaumirira kuti matendawo sangawapeze. Mkazi wa Shostakovich, Irina, adanena kuti mwamuna wake adapatsidwa maphunziro a mavitamini, koma matendawa anapitirizabe kukula.
Pambuyo pake, madokotala adatha kuzindikira matenda a wolemba nyimboyo. Zinapezeka kuti Dmitry Dmitrievich anali ndi matenda a Charcot. Maestro sanasamalidwe ndi Soviet okha, komanso ndi madokotala aku America. Kamodzi iye anapita ku ofesi ya dokotala wotchuka Ilizarov. Kwa kanthawi, matendawo anatha. Koma posakhalitsa zizindikirozo zinaonekera, ndipo matenda a Charcot anayamba kukula kwambiri.
Wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich anayesa kuthana ndi zizindikiro zonse za matendawa. Anatenga mapiritsi, adalowa masewera, adadya bwino, koma matendawa anali amphamvu. Chitonthozo chokha kwa woimbayo chinali nyimbo. Nthaŵi zonse ankapita kumakonsati kumene nyimbo zachikale zinkaimbidwa. Pazochitika zonse, iye ankatsagana ndi mkazi wachikondi.
Mu 1975 Shostakovich anapita ku Leningrad. Konsati inayenera kuchitikira ku likulu la dzikolo, pomwe imodzi mwa zibwenzi zake idaseweredwa. Woyimba yemwe adachita zachikondi adayiwala chiyambi cha nyimboyo. Izi zinapangitsa Dmitry Dmitrievich mantha. Banjali litabwerera kunyumba, Shostakovich adadwala mwadzidzidzi. Mkaziyo anaitana madokotala, ndipo anamupeza ndi nthenda ya mtima.
Anamwalira pa Ogasiti 9, 1975. Mkaziyo amakumbukira kuti tsiku limeneli ankapita kukaonera mpira pa TV. Kwatsala maola ochepa kuti masewera ayambe. Dmitry anapempha Irina kuti akatenge makalatawo. Pamene mkazi wake anabwerera, Shostakovich anali atafa kale. Thupi la maestro linaikidwa m'manda a Novodevichy.
